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The subjects of the king of Spain were forbidden to carry slaves for anyone outside the Spanish dominions, or to use the flag to cover such dealings. [119] [120] On March 22, 1873, slavery was legally abolished in Puerto Rico but slaves were not emancipated; they had to buy their own freedom, at whatever price was set by their last masters.
Before the end of the slave trade, New Spain had the sixth-highest slave population (estimated 200,000) of the Americas after Brazil (over 4.9 million), the Caribbean (over 4 million), Cuba (over 1 million), Hispaniola and the United States (half a million). [7] Around 1570, Yanga led a band of slaves in escaping to the highlands near Veracruz.
Despite the harsh conditions of slavery, African slaves were able to preserve their cultural traditions. By the first decades of the sixteenth century, they were commonly participating in Spain's military expeditions. [21] Because most slaves were baptized upon arrival to the New World, the Catholic Church did come to the defense of slaves.
In addition to these factors, state and county officials across the U.S. began to threaten Mexican and Mexican American families who were seeking government aid with deportation. [275] At the same time, the Mexican government introduced a program to entice ethnic Mexicans back to the country with the promise of free land if they returned. [233]
North to Aztlan: A History of Mexican Americans in the United States (2006) Gomez, Laura E. Manifest Destinies: The Making of the Mexican American Race (2008) Gomez-Quiñones, Juan. Mexican American Labor, 1790-1990. (1994). Gonzales, Manuel G. Mexicanos: A History of Mexicans in the United States (2nd ed 2009) excerpt and text search
Trevino, who grew up just 5 miles from the border, was shocked to learn that his fifth-great-grandmother helped ferry escapees across that river to freedom. “I come from a Mexican family, but ...
The territories of Utah and New Mexico would have slavery from the time they were acquired by America in 1848 until July 1862, when the United States banned slavery in all federal territories. However, Utah had just 29 slaves (0.07% of the total population) and New Mexico had no slaves in the 1860 census. [28]
Most slaves in obrajes were male. [3] There were enslaved women in convents, usually the private property of individual elite white women who had become nuns, but some slaves were the property of the nunnery as an institution. Male religious orders also owned enslaved, mainly male. [4] Enslaved Afro-Mexican men worked in the mining sector.