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  2. Total internal reflection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_internal_reflection

    Fig. 1: Underwater plants in a fish tank, and their inverted images (top) formed by total internal reflection in the water–air surface. In physics, total internal reflection (TIR) is the phenomenon in which waves arriving at the interface (boundary) from one medium to another (e.g., from water to air) are not refracted into the second ("external") medium, but completely reflected back into ...

  3. Snell's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snell's_law

    This of course is impossible, and the light in such cases is completely reflected by the boundary, a phenomenon known as total internal reflection. The largest possible angle of incidence which still results in a refracted ray is called the critical angle; in this case the refracted ray travels along the boundary between the two media.

  4. Snell's window - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snell's_window

    The area outside Snell's window will either be completely dark or show a reflection of underwater objects by total internal reflection. Underwater photographers sometimes compose photographs from below such that their subjects fall inside Snell's window, which backlights and focuses attention on the subjects.

  5. Refractive index - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index

    The gem is placed on a high refractive index prism and illuminated from below. A high refractive index contact liquid is used to achieve optical contact between the gem and the prism. At small incidence angles most of the light will be transmitted into the gem, but at high angles total internal reflection will occur in the prism.

  6. Wikipedia : Featured picture candidates/Total internal ...

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_picture...

    Original – Total internal reflection by the water's surface at the shallow end of a swimming pool. The broad bubble-like apparition between the swimmer and her reflection (above) is a disturbance of the reflecting surface, which also distorts the image of the ladder (right).

  7. Total internal reflection microscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_internal_reflection...

    Total internal reflection microscopy is a specialized optical imaging technique for object tracking and detection utilizing the light scattered from an evanescent field in the vicinity of a dielectric interface. Its advantages are a high signal-to-noise ratio and a high spatial resolution in the vertical dimension.

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  9. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_internal_reflection...

    A total internal reflection fluorescence microscope (TIRFM) is a type of microscope with which a thin region of a specimen, usually less than 200 nanometers can be observed. TIRFM is an imaging modality which uses the excitation of fluorescent cells in a thin optical specimen section that is supported on a glass slide.