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[7] [12] [13] The extent to which a united Kingdom of Israel ever existed is also a matter of ongoing dispute. [14] [15] [16] Living in exile in the sixth century BC, the prophet Ezekiel has a vision for the restoration of Israel, [17] of a future in which the twelve tribes of Israel are living in their land again. [18]
Attempting to locate many of the stations of the Israelite Exodus is a difficult task, if not infeasible. Though most scholars concede that the narrative of the Exodus may have a historical basis, [9] [10] [11] the event in question would have borne little resemblance to the mass-emigration and subsequent forty years of desert nomadism described in the biblical account.
Map of the Holy Land, Pietro Vesconte, 1321, showing the allotments of the tribes of Israel. Described by Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld as "the first non-Ptolemaic map of a definite country" [ 66 ] The monarchic state was divided into two states, Israel and Judah , due to civil and religious disputes.
Israel in Egypt (Edward Poynter, 1867). The story of the Exodus is told in the first half of Exodus, with the remainder recounting the 1st year in the wilderness, and followed by a narrative of 39 more years in the books of Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy, the last four of the first five books of the Bible (also called the Torah or Pentateuch). [10]
During the Exodus the Levite tribe were particularly zealous in protecting the Mosaic law in the face of those worshipping the golden calf, which may have been a reason for their priestly status. [3] [4] Although the Levites were not counted in the census among the children of Israel, they were numbered separately as a special army. [5]
According to the biblical scholar Joseph Blenkinsopp, the 70 names in the list express symbolically the unity of humanity, corresponding to the 70 descendants of Israel that followed Jacob into Egypt in Genesis 46:27 and the 70 elders of Israel who visit God with Moses at the covenant ceremony in Exodus 24:1–9. [6]
Map of the twelve tribes of Israel (before the move of Dan to the north), based on the Book of Joshua, c. 1200–1050 BCE. Transjordan (Hebrew: עבר הירדן, Ever HaYarden) is an area of land in the Southern Levant lying east of the Jordan River valley. It is also alternatively called Gilead.
One proposal places Rephidim in the Wadi Feiran, near its junction with the Wadi esh-Sheikh. [5] When they leave Rephidim, the Israelites advance into the Sinai Wilderness, [6] possibly marching through the passes of the Wadi Solaf and the Wadi esh-Sheikh, which converge at the entrance to the er-Rahah plain (which would then be identified with the "Sinai Wilderness"), which is three ...