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On the region consisting of complex numbers that are not negative real numbers or 0, the function is the analytic continuation of the natural logarithm. The values on the negative real line can be obtained as limits of values at nearby complex numbers with positive imaginary parts.
When there is a tie, the floating-point number whose last stored digit is even (also, the last digit, in binary form, is equal to 0) is used. For IEEE standard where the base β {\displaystyle \beta } is 2 {\displaystyle 2} , this means when there is a tie it is rounded so that the last digit is equal to 0 {\displaystyle 0} .
This relationship is described by the function (()), where is the logarithm, which gives 0 surprise when the probability of the event is 1. [4] In fact, log is the only function that satisfies а specific set of conditions defined in section § Characterization.
As discussed above, the function log b is the inverse to the exponential function . Therefore, their graphs correspond to each other upon exchanging the x - and the y -coordinates (or upon reflection at the diagonal line x = y ), as shown at the right: a point ( t , u = b t ) on the graph of f yields a point ( u , t = log b u ) on the graph of ...
The zig-zagging entails starting from the point (n, 0) and iteratively moving to (n, log b (n) ), to (0, log b (n) ), to (log b (n), 0 ). In computer science , the iterated logarithm of n {\displaystyle n} , written log * n {\displaystyle n} (usually read " log star "), is the number of times the logarithm function must be iteratively applied ...
For example, log 10 10000 = 4, and log 10 0.001 = −3. These are instances of the discrete logarithm problem. Other base-10 logarithms in the real numbers are not instances of the discrete logarithm problem, because they involve non-integer exponents. For example, the equation log 10 53 = 1.724276… means that 10 1.724276… = 53.
The strict definition of an undefined value is a superficially valid (non-null) output which is meaningless but does not trigger undefined behaviour. For example, passing a negative number to the fast inverse square root function will produce a number. Not a very useful number, but the computation will complete and return something.
In mathematics, the term undefined refers to a value, function, or other expression that cannot be assigned a meaning within a specific formal system. [ 1 ] Attempting to assign or use an undefined value within a particular formal system, may produce contradictory or meaningless results within that system.