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The ultimate goal of the path is characterized using a range of positive language that had been used in Indian philosophy previously by essentialist philosophers, but which was now transmuted into a new Buddhist vocabulary to describe a being who has successfully completed the Buddhist path.
In Buddhism, the three marks of existence are three characteristics (Pali: tilakkhaṇa; Sanskrit: त्रिलक्षण trilakṣaṇa) of all existence and beings, namely anicca (impermanence), dukkha (commonly translated as "suffering" or "cause of suffering", "unsatisfactory", "unease"), [note 1] and anattā (without a lasting essence).
Alara taught Siddhartha meditation, especially a dhyānic state called the "sphere of nothingness" (ākiṃcanyāyatana). [8] [9] Gautama eventually found himself on par with Alara, who could not teach him more, saying, "It is a gain for us, my friend, a great gain for us, that we have such a companion in the holy life ...
Nirvana in some Buddhist traditions is described as the realization of sunyata (emptiness or nothingness). [11] Madhyamika Buddhist texts call this as the middle point of all dualities (Middle Way), where all subject-object discrimination and polarities disappear, there is no conventional reality, and the only ultimate reality of emptiness is ...
The doctrines of these schools also influenced the ideas of Chán (Zen) Buddhism, as can be seen in the Verses of the Five Ranks of Tōzan and other Chinese Buddhist texts. [40] Chinese thinkers often took the two truths to refer to two ontological truths (two ways of being, or levels of existence): a relative level and an absolute level. [4]
[1]: 25 Japanese images of the nine stages, called kusōzu, date from the 13th century. [2]: 277 There are a large number of kusōzu still being used in religion in Japan, [2]: 279 and Japanese artists such as Fuyuko Matsui have continued the theme of the nine stages into the 21st century. [10]: 15
Besides being born as a human, the favorable conditions for obtaining enlightenment are: Being born a human at a time when a Buddha has arisen, has taught the Dharma, and has left a Saṅgha that carries on the teachings; at such times there is a chance to learn the Dharma. Being born a human in countries where the Dharma is known.
The Book of Serenity (Chinese: 從容録; pinyin: Cóngróng lù), also known as the Book of Equanimity or more formally the Hóngzhì Chánshī Guǎnglù (Chinese: 宏智禪師廣錄), has a longer version of this koan, which adds the following to the start of the version given in the Zhaozhou Zhenji Chanshi Yulu.