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A gender quota is a quota used by countries and parties to increase women's representation or substantive equality based on gender in legislatures. [1] Women are largely underrepresented in parliaments and account for a 26.9% average in parliaments globally. [2] As of November 2021, gender quotas have been adopted in 132 countries. [3]
These quotas are formed to enforce acknowledgement of the importance of women's political inclusion and representation. [180] According to a recent World Bank report, the United States ranks 15th in the world in women's economic opportunities and legal protections.
India passed 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments in 1993, which provides for 33 per cent quotas for women's representation in the local self-government institutions. These Amendments were implemented in 1993. This, suggests Ghani et al., has had strong effects for empowering women in India in many spheres. [114]
Addressing a crowd of Indian Americans this week, Vice President Kamala Harris asserted the importance of voting and running. But Biden and Harris approval among the group has fallen.
The local panchayat system in India provides an example of women's representation at the local governmental level. [43] The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments in 1992 mandated panchayat elections throughout the country. The reforms reserved 33% of the seats for women and for castes and tribes proportional to their population.
Gender inequality has remained the focus of the women's movement with specific emphasis on issues such as the Uniform Civil Code, Women's Reservation Bill, and sexual violence against women. [43] Women's organizations both informal and formal have developed at the rural, urban, national, and state levels in India.
Indian Americans are about 1.5% of the country's population. They make up a much larger share of the presidential field. In Nikki, Vivek, and Kamala, Indian Americans Find Incomplete Representation
Although the zipper system rank-order rule requires a 50–50 split between women and men on party lists, it does not always translate to equality of representation in legislatures. [6] While parties are required to alternate between men and women, they often put a man in the first position on the list. [ 17 ]