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The map of earlier Southeast Asia which evolved from the prehistoric networks of small settlements and reveals itself in historical records was a patchwork of often overlapping mandalas. [ 3 ] It is employed to denote traditional Southeast Asian political formations, such as federation of kingdoms or vassalized polity under a center of domination .
Ayutthaya politically followed the mandala system, commonly used throughout Southeast Asia kingdoms before the 19th century. In the 17th century, the Ayutthaya monarchs were able to frequently appoint non-natives as governors of Ayutthaya-controlled towns and cities, in order to prevent competition from its nobility.
Kedatuan, another term for the system of independent and semi-independent city-states in Maritime Southeast Asia; Mueang, similar concept in mainland Southeast Asia, especially in Thailand and Laos; Mandala, political model in ancient Southeast Asia; Christianization; Indian cultural influences in early Philippine polities
The political relations and system relating to its realms is described as a mandala model, typical of that of classical Southeast Asian Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms. It could be described as federation of kingdoms or vassalised polity under a centre of domination, namely the central Kadatuan Srivijaya.
Historian Victor Lieberman preferred the metaphor of a "solar polity," [8] as in the solar system, where there is one central body, the sun, and the components or planets of the solar system. [9] The "Rajamandala" concept of ancient India was the prototype for the Mandala model of South East Asian political systems in later centuries ...
In pre-modern Southeast Asia, traditional polities were not defined by territorial borders but rather a network and a hierarchy of alliances and tributary obligations defined by the mandala system. The multicultural Siamese empire had hosted a number of tributary states including Lanna Chiangmai , the Lao Kingdoms of Luang Phrabang and ...
Royal Standard of the Kingdom of Laos. The Lao People's Democratic Republic is the modern state derived from the final Kingdom of Laos.The political source of Lao history and cultural identity is the Lao kingdom of Lan Xang, which during its apogee emerged as one of the largest kingdoms in Southeast Asia.
This administrative system resembles a naturally Southeast Asian mandala system. [13] In 1011, Lý Thái Tổ raised a large army and attacked rebels in the southern provinces, in what is now Thanh Hoá and Nghệ An. He campaigned there for two years, burning villages and capturing local leaders.