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Nergal (Sumerian: ð’€ð’„Šð’€•ð’ƒ² [1] d KIŠ.UNU or d GÌR.UNU.GAL; [2] Hebrew: × Öµ×¨Ö°×’Ö·×œ, Modern: Nergal, Tiberian: NÄ“rgal; Aramaic: Ü¢Ü¸ÜªÜ“Ü²Ü ; [3] Latin: Nirgal) was a Mesopotamian god worshiped through all periods of Mesopotamian history, from Early Dynastic to Neo-Babylonian times, with a few attestations indicating that his cult survived into the period of Achaemenid domination.
Ancient Sumerian cylinder seal impression showing the god Dumuzid being tortured in the underworld by galla demons. The ancient Mesopotamian underworld (known in Sumerian as Kur, Irkalla, Kukku, Arali, or Kigal, and in Akkadian as Erá¹£etu), was the lowermost part of the ancient near eastern cosmos, roughly parallel to the region known as Tartarus from early Greek cosmology.
Nanna, Enzu or Zuen ("Lord of Wisdom") in Sumerian, later altered as Suen and Sin in Akkadian, [90] is the ancient Mesopotamian god of the Moon. [49] He was the son of Enlil and Ninlil and one of his most prominent myths was an account of how he was conceived and how he made his way from the Underworld to Nippur. [ 49 ]
Ancient Sumerian cylinder seal impression showing the god Dumuzid being tortured in the Underworld by galla demons Devotional scene, with Temple. The Sumerian afterlife was a dark, dreary cavern located deep below the ground, [ 22 ] [ 23 ] where inhabitants were believed to continue "a shadowy version of life on earth". [ 22 ]
[3] [4] The oldest of the Anunnaki was Enlil, the god of air [5] and chief god of the Sumerian pantheon. [6] The Sumerians believed that, until Enlil was born, heaven and earth were inseparable. [7] Then, Enlil split heaven and earth in two [7] and carried away the earth [8] while his father An carried away the sky. [8]
The Sumerian god Enki was later also adopted by the Akkadians, initially under his original name, and later as Éa. Similarly the Sumerian moon god Nanna became the Akkadian Sîn while the Sumerian sun god Utu became the Akkadian Shamash. One of the most notable goddesses was the Sumerian sex and war deity Inanna.
Ugur was originally the sukkal of Nergal, the Mesopotamian god of war of death. [251] In Mesopotamian sources his name eventually became a logographic representation of Nergal's. [252] The Hurrians viewed him as a god of war and as an underworld deity. [253] He is attested in theophoric names from Nuzi. [253]
Mesopotamian mythology refers to the myths, religious texts, and other literature that comes from the region of ancient Mesopotamia which is a historical region of Western Asia, situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system that occupies the area of present-day Iraq.