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Potassium citrate has been recommended to prevent calcium oxalate stone formation because it forms a soluble complex with oxalates and promotes the formation of alkaline urine. [3] Dog breeds possibly prone to calcium oxalate stones include Miniature Schnauzers, Lhasa Apsos, Yorkshire Terriers, Miniature Poodles, Shih Tzus, and Bichon Frises. [8]
He then investigated dietary factors influencing the formation of calcium oxalate (CaOx) and magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) uroliths in cats, finding that diets high in sodium increase the risk of CaOx uroliths while urine acidifying diets low in magnesium and phosphorus reduce the risk and enhance the dissolution of MAP uroliths. [19]
Alkaline citrates are used to prevent recurrent calcium stone formation. [13] [14] [15] [5] This is one of the major types of kidney stones. [16] [17] The citrate salts can increase urine citrate, which binds with urine calcium, reduces supersaturation of calcium salts, and inhibits crystal formation. [18] [8] This helps prevent kidney stones ...
Some of the oxalate in urine is produced by the body. Calcium and oxalate in the diet play a part but are not the only factors that affect the formation of calcium oxalate stones. Dietary oxalate is an organic ion found in many vegetables, fruits, and nuts. Calcium from bone may also play a role in kidney stone formation.
Hyperoxaluria is an excessive urinary excretion of oxalate. Individuals with hyperoxaluria often have calcium oxalate kidney stones. It is sometimes called Bird's disease, after Golding Bird, who first described the condition.
Bladder stones or uroliths are common in dogs. The stones form in the urinary bladder in varying size and numbers secondary to infection, dietary influences, and genetics. Types of stones include struvite, calcium oxalate, urate, cystine, calcium phosphate, and silicate. Struvite and calcium oxalate stones are by far the most common. [6]
Kidney stones are caused by high levels of the minerals calcium, oxalate, and phosphorus in urine. These minerals are normally found in urine and do not cause problems at low levels.
Initial research pointed to the loss of oxalate-degrading bacteria, such as O. formigenes, following antibiotic usage as primary contributor to calcium oxalate kidney stone disease. [34] [35] Colonization with O. formigenes has been observed to results in a decrease in urinary oxalate [35] [4] and reduced frequency of kidney stones [4] [7] [36]