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Pupils of both sexes dilated after seeing pictures of people of the opposite sex. In females, the difference in pupil size occurred also after seeing pictures of babies and mothers with babies. This examination showed that pupils react not only to the changes of intensity of light (pupillary light reflex) but also reflect arousal or emotions.
A list of 'effects' that have been noticed in the field of psychology. [clarification needed] ... additional terms may apply.
The term "fixation" can either be used to refer to the point in time and space of focus or the act of fixating. Fixation, in the act of fixating, is the point between any two saccades, during which the eyes are relatively stationary and virtually all visual input occurs.
In contemporary psychology of interest, [1] the term is used as a general concept that may encompass other more specific psychological terms, such as curiosity and to a much lesser degree surprise. [citation needed] The emotion of interest does have its own facial expression, of which the most prominent component is having dilated pupils. [2] [3]
In humans, the pupil is circular, but its shape varies between species; some cats, reptiles, and foxes have vertical slit pupils, goats and sheep have horizontally oriented pupils, and some catfish have annular types. [3] In optical terms, the anatomical pupil is the eye's aperture and the iris is the aperture stop.
Light from a single point of a distant object and light from a single point of a near object being brought to a focus. The accommodation reflex (or accommodation-convergence reflex) is a reflex action of the eye, in response to focusing on a near object, then looking at a distant object (and vice versa), comprising coordinated changes in vergence, lens shape (accommodation) and pupil size.
The pupil of the human eye can range in size from 2 mm to over 8 mm to adapt to the environment The human eye can detect a luminance from 10 −6 cd/m 2 , or one millionth (0.000001) of a candela per square meter to 10 8 cd/m 2 or one hundred million (100,000,000) candelas per square meter.
It can be seen by shining the beam of a small bright light through the pupil from the periphery of a subject's vision. This results in an image of the light being focused on the periphery of the retina. Light from this spot then casts shadows of the blood vessels (which lie on top of the retina) onto unadapted portions of the retina.