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Fullerenes had been predicted for some time, but only after their accidental synthesis in 1985 were they detected in nature [3] [4] and outer space. [5] [6] The discovery of fullerenes greatly expanded the number of known allotropes of carbon, which had previously been limited to graphite, diamond, and amorphous carbon such as soot and charcoal.
These endohedral fullerenes are usually synthesized by doping in the metal atoms in an arc reactor or by laser evaporation. These methods gives low yields of endohedral fullerenes, and a better method involves the opening of the cage, packing in the atoms or molecules, and closing the opening using certain organic reactions. This method ...
Polyfullerene is a basic polymer of the C 60 monomer group, in which fullerene segments are connected via covalent bonds into a polymeric chain without side or bridging groups. They are called intrinsic polymeric fullerenes, or more often all C 60 polymers. Fullerene can be part of a polymer chain in many different ways.
Heterofullerenes are classes of fullerenes, at least one carbon atom is replaced by another element. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Based on spectroscopy , substitutions have been reported with boron ( borafullerenes ), [ 3 ] [ 4 ] nitrogen ( azafullerenes ), [ 5 ] [ 6 ] oxygen , [ 7 ] arsenic , germanium , [ 8 ] phosphorus , [ 9 ] silicon , [ 10 ] [ 11 ] iron ...
The result of this collaboration was the discovery of C 60 (known as Buckyballs) and the fullerenes as the third allotropic form of carbon. [8] Smalley recognized that the structure of C 60 was like that of a soccer ball after cutting and tapping hexagons together in a three-dimensional manner, utilizing 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons. [9]
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Endohedral fullerenes, also called endofullerenes, are fullerenes that have additional atoms, ions, or clusters enclosed within their inner spheres. The first lanthanum C 60 complex called La@C 60 was synthesized in 1985. [ 2 ]
Sir Harold Walter Kroto (born Harold Walter Krotoschiner; 7 October 1939 – 30 April 2016) was an English chemist.He shared the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Robert Curl and Richard Smalley for their discovery of fullerenes.