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Ar-Rum (Arabic: الروم, romanized: ’ar-rūm, lit. 'The Romans') is the 30th chapter of the Quran, consisting of 60 verses ().The term Rūm originated in the word Roman, and during the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, it referred to the Eastern Roman Empire; the title is also sometimes translated as "The Greeks" or "The Byzantines".
Damascus was the first major city of the Eastern Roman Empire to fall in the Muslim conquest of Syria. The last of the Roman–Persian Wars ended in 628, after Heraclius concluded a successful campaign against the Persians in Mesopotamia. At the same time, Muhammad united the Arabs under the banner of Islam.
Historical works of later Muslim writers include the traditional biographies of Muhammad and quotations attributed to him—the sira and hadith literature—which provide further information on Muhammad's life. [4] The earliest surviving written sira (biography of Muhammad) is Sirat Rasul Allah (Life of God's Messenger) by Ibn Ishaq (d. 761 or ...
The Formation of Islam, Cambridge University Press, 2003 (ISBN 978-0-521-58813-3). Devin De Weese, Devin A, Islamization and Native Religion in the Golden Horde, Penn State University Press, 1994 (ISBN 978-0-271-01073-1). Eaton, Richard M. The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1993 1993.
[36] [71] According to Muslim tradition, Muhammad also sent letters to many rulers of the world, asking them to convert to Islam (the exact date are given variously in the sources). [9] [72] [73] Hence he sent messengers (with letters) to Heraclius of the Byzantine Empire (the eastern Roman Empire), Khosrau of Persia, the chief of Yemen and to ...
According to Islamic prophetic tradition, Muhammad descended from Adnan. [7] Tradition records the genealogy from Adnan to Muhammad comprises 21 generations. The following is the list of chiefs who are said to have ruled the Hejaz and to have been the patrilineal ancestors of Muhammad. [4]
The Mahdi is also viewed as the restorer of true Islam, [16] and the restorer of other monotheistic religions after their distortion and abandonment. [18] He establishes the kingdom of God on earth and Islamizes the whole world. [70] In their true form, it is believed, all monotheistic religions are essentially identical to Islam as "submission ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 26 January 2025. Expansion of the Islamic state (622–750) For later military territorial expansion of Islamic states, see Spread of Islam. Early Muslim conquests Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632 Expansion under the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661 Expansion under the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750 Date ...