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The general structure of an enamine. An enamine is an unsaturated compound derived by the condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with a secondary amine. [1] [2] Enamines are versatile intermediates. [3] [4] Condensation to give an enamine. [5] The word "enamine" is derived from the affix en-, used as the suffix of alkene, and the root amine.
Collagen constitutes 1% to 2% of muscle tissue and accounts for 6% of the weight to skeletal muscle. [4] The fibroblast is the most common cell creating collagen in a body. Gelatin, which is used in food and industry, is collagen that was irreversibly hydrolyzed using heat, basic solutions, or weak acids. [5]
The Stork enamine alkylation involves the addition of an enamine to a Michael acceptor (e.g., an α,β -unsaturated carbonyl compound) or another electrophilic alkylation reagent to give an alkylated iminium product, which is hydrolyzed by dilute aqueous acid to give the alkylated ketone or aldehyde. [1]
The first step is the formation of an enamine 2 using N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal and pyrrolidine. The desired indole 3 is then formed in a second step by reductive cyclisation. The Leimgruber-Batcho indole synthesis. In the above scheme, the reductive cyclisation is effected by Raney nickel and hydrazine.
In aqueous solution, the enamine can then be hydrolyzed from the product, making it a small organic molecule catalyst. In a seminal example, proline efficiently catalyzed the cyclization of a triketone: This combination is the Hajos-Parrish reaction [41] [42] [43] Under Hajos-Parrish conditions only a catalytic amount of proline is necessary (3 ...
It may also be referred to as hydrolyzed collagen, collagen hydrolysate, gelatine hydrolysate, hydrolyzed gelatine, and collagen peptides after it has undergone hydrolysis. It is commonly used as a gelling agent in food, beverages, medications , drug or vitamin capsules , photographic films , papers , and cosmetics .
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