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The tragedy of the commons is the concept that, ... Hardin explored this social dilemma in his article "The Tragedy of the Commons", published in the journal Science. ...
Garrett James Hardin (April 21, 1915 – September 14, 2003) was an American ecologist and microbiologist.He focused his career on the issue of human overpopulation, and is best known for his exposition of the tragedy of the commons in a 1968 paper of the same title in Science, [1] [2] [3] which called attention to "the damage that innocent actions by individuals can inflict on the environment ...
Lloyd published several of his lectures. In his Two Lectures on the Checks to Population (1833) he introduced the concept of the overuse of a common by its commoners (i.e. those with rights of use and access to it), which was later to be developed by the economist H. Scott Gordon and later still by the ecologist Garrett Hardin and termed by Hardin "The Tragedy of the Commons".
Building upon the concept of the "tragedy of the commons" in Garrett Hardin's pivotal article in Science (1968), [5] Platt and others in the seminar applied behavioral psychology concepts to actions of people operating in social traps.
A common good is rivalrous and non-excludable, meaning that anyone can use the resource but there is a finite amount of the resource available and it is therefore prone to overexploitation. [24] The paradigm of the tragedy of the commons first appeared in an 1833 pamphlet by English economist William Forster Lloyd. According to Lloyd, "If a ...
Hardin's 1968 "Tragedy of the Commons" article calls attention to the problem of human overpopulation, and describes his perception of the current prevailing sentiment, which he asserts was influenced by Adam Smith's invisible hand concept of economics, leading to a general belief "that decisions reached individually will, in fact, be the best decisions for an entire society."
The same concept has been called the "tragedy of the fishers", when over-fishing could cause stocks to plummet. [49] Forster's pamphlet was little known, and it wasn't until 1968, with the publication by the ecologist Garrett Hardin of the article "The Tragedy of the Commons", [50] that the term gained relevance. Hardin introduced this tragedy ...
The tragedy of the anticommons is a type of coordination breakdown, in which a commons does not emerge, even when general access to resources or infrastructure would be a social good. It is a mirror-image of the older concept of tragedy of the commons , in which numerous rights holders' combined use exceeds the capacity of a resource and ...