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Arthur Allen Leff (1935–1981) was a professor of law at Yale Law School who is best known for a series of articles examining whether there is such a thing as a normative law or morality. Leff answered this question in the negative and followed the consequences to their logical conclusions.
Leninism (Russian: Ленинизм, Leninizm) is a political ideology developed by Russian Marxist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin that proposes the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat led by a revolutionary vanguard party as the political prelude to the establishment of communism.
Aleksandr Borozdin describes the pros and cons of German Romanticism in the following manner: The Romantics thought it was necessary to study the Middle Ages not out of historical interest alone, but for the practical purpose of rejuvenating the dry, rational atmosphere created by the century of enlightenment for the national revival of Germany.
Democratic centralism is the main principle of Leninism, but it was also closely related to the party organization and rule of the Chinese nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) in the Republic of China. Unlike the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), however, the KMT did not include "Democratic centralism" in its constitution. [ 22 ]
Liberation School. Daniels, Robert V. (February 1953). "The State and Revolution: A Case Study in the Genesis and Transformation of Communist Ideology". American Slavic and East European Review. 12 (1): 22– 43. doi:10.2307/3004254. JSTOR 3004254. Daniels, Robert V. (2007). The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia. Yale University Press.
The Austrian School argues that this fundamental theory of classical economics is false and prefers the subsequent and modern subjective theory of value put forward by Carl Menger in his book Principles of Economics. The Austrian School was not alone in criticizing the Marxian and classical belief in the labor theory of value.
Joseph Stalin enacted a decree in 1931 identifying dialectical materialism with Marxism–Leninism, making it the official philosophy which would be enforced in all communist states and, through the Comintern, in most communist parties. Following the traditional use in the Second International, opponents would be labeled as "revisionists".
The law of the passage of quantitative changes into qualitative changes can also be applied to the process of social change and class conflict. [38] The third law, "negation of the negation", originated with Hegel. Although Hegel coined the term "negation of the negation", it gained its fame from Marx's using it in Capital. There Marx wrote ...