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The ratio of NADP +:NADPH is maintained at around 1:50. [7] This allows NADPH to be used to reduce organic molecules NAD + + H + + 2e − → NADH: −0.320 −0.280 The ratio of NAD +:NADH is maintained at around 30:1. [7] This allows NAD + to be used to oxidise organic molecules FAD + 2 H + + 2 e − → FADH 2 (coenzyme bonded to ...
Bioconcentration can be described by a bioconcentration factor (BCF), which is the ratio of the chemical concentration in an organism or biota to the concentration in water: [2] B C F = C o n c e n t r a t i o n B i o t a C o n c e n t r a t i o n W a t e r {\displaystyle BCF={\frac {Concentration_{Biota}}{Concentration_{Water}}}} [ 2 ]
Biosensors used for screening combinatorial DNA libraries. In a biosensor, the bioreceptor is designed to interact with the specific analyte of interest to produce an effect measurable by the transducer. High selectivity for the analyte among a matrix of other chemical or biological components is a key requirement of the bioreceptor.
The blank solution should be the same pH and of a similar ionic strength as the sample solution. Example: using water for the blank measurement for samples dissolved in TE may result in low 260/230 ratios. A260/A280 Residual phenol or other reagent associated with the extraction protocol. A very low concentration (< 10 ng/μL) of nucleic acid.
Bio-FETs couple a transistor device with a bio-sensitive layer that can specifically detect bio-molecules such as nucleic acids and proteins. A Bio-FET system consists of a semiconducting field-effect transistor that acts as a transducer separated by an insulator layer (e.g. SiO 2) from the biological recognition element (e.g. receptors or probe molecules) which are selective to the target ...
Electrochemical aptamer-based (E-AB) biosensors is a device that takes advantage of the electrochemical and biological properties of aptamers to take real time, in vivo measurements. An electrochemical aptamer-based (E-AB) biosensor generates an electrochemical signal in response to specific target binding in vivo [ 3 ] The signal is measured ...
During normal aerobic respiration the ratio would be somewhere between these values, as the TCA cycle produces both NADH and ubiquinol. The resulting P/O ratio would be the ratio of H/O and H/P; which is 10/3.67 or 2.73 for NADH-linked respiration, and 6/3.67 or 1.64 for UQH2-linked respiration, with actual values being somewhere between.
In rat liver, the total amount of NAD + and NADH is approximately 1 μmole per gram of wet weight, about 10 times the concentration of NADP + and NADPH in the same cells. [17] The actual concentration of NAD + in cell cytosol is harder to measure, with recent estimates in animal cells ranging around 0.3 mM , [ 18 ] [ 19 ] and approximately 1.0 ...