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The reaction of these systems causes a number of physical changes that have both short- and long-term effects on the body. [24] The Holmes and Rahe stress scale was developed as a method of assessing the risk of disease from life changes. [25] The scale lists both positive and negative changes that elicit stress.
The physiological changes that occur during the fight or flight response are activated to give the body increased strength and speed in anticipation of fighting or running. Some of the specific physiological changes and their functions include: [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ]
Stress is a physiological reaction triggered by the perception of a threat or major life change. ... but they also experience less blood flow to the heart during acute stress, which may increase ...
The ensuing physiological changes constitute a major part of the acute stress response. The other major player in the acute stress response is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Stress activates this axis and produces neuro-biological changes.
If the brain persistently interprets or even anticipates stress, then it may cause epigenetic changes to permanently adapt to a chronic state of arousal that results in physiological changes such as thickened blood vessels to support the increased cardiac output and down-regulation of stress hormone receptors.
Allostatic load is not unique to humans and may be used to evaluate the physiological effects of chronic or frequent stress in non-human primates as well. [14] The rat cumulative allostatic load measure (rCALM) is a marker for allostatic load in rodents .
Chronic stress is the physiological or psychological response induced by a long-term internal or external stressor. [1] The stressor, either physically present or recollected, will produce the same effect and trigger a chronic stress response. [ 1 ]
According to these theories, both kinds of stress can lead to changes in behavior and in physiology. Behavioral changes can involve smoking and eating habits and physical activity. Physiological changes can be changes in sympathetic activation or hypothalamic pituitary adrenocorticoid activation, and immunological function. [59]