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  2. Old High German - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_High_German

    The status in the Old High German Tatian (c. 830), as is reflected in modern Old High German dictionaries and glossaries, is that th is found in initial position and d in other positions. It is not clear whether Old High German /x/ had acquired a palatalized allophone [ç] after front vowels, as is the case in Modern German.

  3. High German languages - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_German_languages

    The High German languages (German: hochdeutsche Mundarten, i.e. High German dialects), or simply High German (Hochdeutsch [ˈhoːxˌdɔɪ̯t͡ʃ] ⓘ) – not to be confused with Standard High German which is commonly also called "High German" – comprise the varieties of German spoken south of the Benrath and Uerdingen isoglosses in central and southern Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein ...

  4. High German consonant shift - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift

    Although the boundaries of the dialects have shifted since the Old High German period, the degree to which dialects underwent the High German consonant shift continues to form the basis for differentiating the different modern German dialects, and, in particular, for the division between Central German dialects, which have fewer shifted ...

  5. Proto-Germanic language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language

    The reconstruction of grading paradigms in Proto-Germanic explains root alternations such as Old English steorra 'star' < *sterran-vs. Old Frisian stera 'id.' < * *steran-and Norwegian (dial.) guva 'to swing' < *gubōn-vs. Middle High German gupfen 'id.' < *guppōn-as generalizations of the original

  6. German orthography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_orthography

    They were written mainly in monasteries in different local dialects of Old High German. In these texts, z along with combinations such as tz, cz, zz, sz, zs was chosen to transcribe the sounds /ts/ and /s(ː)/, which is ultimately the origin of the modern German letters z, tz and ß (an old sz ligature).

  7. North Germanic languages - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Germanic_languages

    North Germanic * āra > Old Norse ár, West Germanic * jāra > Old High German jār, Old English ġēar [jæ͡ɑːr] vs. Gothic jēr. The raising of [ɔː] to [oː] (and word-finally to [uː]). The original vowel remained when nasalised *ǭ [ɔ̃ː] and when before /z/, and was then later lowered to [ɑː].

  8. Standard German phonology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_German_phonology

    In some dialects, the Middle High German vowels have not changed, e.g. Swiss German heiss /hei̯s/ and wiiss /viːs/, while in other dialects or languages, the vowels have changed but the distinction is kept, e.g. Bavarian hoaß /hɔɐ̯s/ and weiß /vaɪ̯s/, Ripuarian heeß /heːs/ and wieß /viːs/ (however the Colognian dialect has kept the ...

  9. German dialects - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_dialects

    German dialects are the various traditional local varieties of the German language.Though varied by region, those of the southern half of Germany beneath the Benrath line are dominated by the geographical spread of the High German consonant shift, and the dialect continuum that connects German to the neighboring varieties of Low Franconian and Frisian.