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Enterochromaffin-like cells or ECL cells are a type of neuroendocrine cell found in the gastric glands of the gastric mucosa beneath the epithelium, in particular in the vicinity of parietal cells, that aid in the production of gastric acid via the release of histamine. They are also considered a type of enteroendocrine cell. [1]
Release of the vesicles occurs after chemical, neurological or mechanical stimulation of the EC cells and is predominantly calcium dependent, suggesting excretion via exocytosis. The combined effect of increased calcium flux and a liberation of stored calcium within the cell changes the cell potential triggering release of the 5-HT vesicles. [14]
Acetylcholine is a choline molecule that has been acetylated at the oxygen atom. Because of the charged ammonium group, acetylcholine does not penetrate lipid membranes. . Because of this, when the molecule is introduced externally, it remains in the extracellular space and at present it is considered that the molecule does not pass through the blood–brain
Secretin, which is a hormone released from the duodenal S cells that induces the release of pancreatic bicarbonate (HCO 3) that would neutralize the acidic environment due to high gastrin levels. Therefore, if the patient's level of gastrin remains consistently high indicating gastrin release due to tumor such as gastrinoma.
British physiologist Sir Henry Hallett Dale (1875-1968) observed acetylcholine for causing blood vessel dilation and slowing down heart rate. In 1914, Dale noted that the physiological effect of acetylcholine resembled the stimulation of parasympathetic nervous system and hypothesized acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter.
1) In the body of the stomach, the vagal postganglionic muscarinic nerves release acetylcholine (ACh) which stimulates parietal cell H+ secretion. 2) In the lamina propria of the body of the stomach the ACh released from the vagal endings triggers histamine secretion from ECL cells. Histamine also stimulates H+ secretion from parietal cells.
Additionally, the protein demonstrates high expression in several other normal organs including the testis, lungs, stomach, and prostate. [11] Hypermethylation of the gene and a subsequent decreased expression has been demonstrated as one of the contributors to the invasive capacity of cancer cells in melanoma. [12]
Efferent fibers of the vagus nerve then release acetylcholine onto gastric parietal cell M 3 receptors, causing insertion of hydrogen potassium ATPase vesicles into the apical plasma membrane. The end result is increased secretion of gastric acid with eventual ulceration of the gastric mucosa.
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