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The dot-and-cross diagram of the LDQ structure of the ground state of acetylene is shown on the left and that of the first excited state of acetylene is shown on the right. The nuclei are as indicated and the electrons are denoted by either dots or crosses, depending on their relative spins.
[1] [2] [3] Introduced by Gilbert N. Lewis in his 1916 article The Atom and the Molecule, a Lewis structure can be drawn for any covalently bonded molecule, as well as coordination compounds. [4] Lewis structures extend the concept of the electron dot diagram by adding lines between atoms to represent shared pairs in a chemical bond.
2 CuCl 2 → 2 CuCl + Cl 2 The reported melting point of copper(II) chloride of 498 °C (928 °F) is a melt of a mixture of copper(I) chloride and copper(II) chloride. The true melting point of 630 °C (1,166 °F) can be extrapolated by using the melting points of the mixtures of CuCl and CuCl 2 .
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The crystal structure of the dihydrate was partially determined in 1927 by Hendricks and Dickinson [1] [4] and refined in 1934 by Chrobak. [5] The structure is tetragonal P4 2 /mnm (136), Z=2, isostructural with ammonium tetrachoridocuprate(II) (NH 4) 2 CuCl 4 ·2 H 2 O and rubidium tetrachoridocuprate(II) Rb 2 CuCl 4 ·2 H 2 O.
1st Transition Series Complex colour electron config. structure geometry comments TiCl 4: colourless (t 2g) 0: tetrahedral [Ti 2 Cl 9] −: white/colourless d 0 d 0: face-sharing bioctahedron
2 Cu + Cl 2 → 2 CuCl. Copper(I) chloride can also be prepared by reducing copper(II) chloride with sulfur dioxide, or with ascorbic acid that acts as a reducing sugar: [13] [14] 2 CuCl 2 + SO 2 + 2 H 2 O → 2 CuCl + H 2 SO 4 + 2 HCl 2 CuCl 2 + C 6 H 8 O 6 → 2CuCl + 2HCl + C 6 H 6 O 6. Many other reducing agents can be used. [12]
Trichlorofluoromethane was first widely used as a refrigerant.Because of its high boiling point compared to most refrigerants, it can be used in systems with a low operating pressure, making the mechanical design of such systems less demanding than that of higher-pressure refrigerants R-12 or R-22.