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The plastids differ both in their pigmentation and in their ultrastructure. For example, chloroplasts in plants and green algae have lost all phycobilisomes, the light harvesting complexes found in cyanobacteria, red algae and glaucophytes, but instead contain stroma and grana thylakoids. The glaucocystophycean plastid—in contrast to ...
The chloroplasts of red algae have chlorophylls a and c (often), and phycobilins, while those of green algae have chloroplasts with chlorophyll a and b without phycobilins. Land plants are pigmented similarly to green algae and probably developed from them, thus the Chlorophyta is a sister taxon to the plants; sometimes the Chlorophyta, the ...
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA), also known as plastid DNA (ptDNA) is the DNA located in chloroplasts, which are photosynthetic organelles located within the cells of some eukaryotic organisms. Chloroplasts, like other types of plastid , contain a genome separate from that in the cell nucleus .
The unique combination of host cell and complex plastid results in cells with four genomes: two prokaryotic genomes (mitochondrion and plastid of the red or green algae) and two eukaryotic genomes (nucleus of host cell and nucleomorph). The model cryptomonad Guillardia theta became an important focus for scientists studying nucleomorphs. Its ...
Some algae have two chloroplasts in each cell; they are star-shaped in Zygnema, [113] or may follow the shape of half the cell in order Desmidiales. [114] In some algae, the chloroplast takes up most of the cell, with pockets for the nucleus and other organelles, [ 12 ] for example, some species of Chlorella have a cup-shaped chloroplast that ...
Valonia ventricosa, also known as bubble algae, sea grape, [2] or sailor's eyeballs, [3] is a species of algae found in oceans throughout the world in tropical and subtropical regions, within the phylum Chlorophyta. It is one of the largest known unicellular organisms. [3] [4] Valonia ventricosa in the Red Sea
The cell cycle is composed of the typical eukaryotic stages in M1, S Phase, G1 and G2. It goes through a light/dark dependent manner. During the night, the cells are haploid and have only one copy of the DNA. During the day, the population is in S phase with two copies of DNA. They go through closed mitosis.
In some algae, such as Euglena, the plastids can be destroyed by certain chemicals or prolonged absence of light without otherwise affecting the cell: the plastids do not regenerate. Transport proteins called porins are found in the outer membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts and are also found in bacterial cell membranes. [67] [68] [69]