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The ITU-T G.hn standard also uses CRC-32C to detect errors in the payload (although it uses CRC-16-CCITT for PHY headers). CRC-32C computation is implemented in hardware as an operation ( CRC32 ) of SSE4.2 instruction set, first introduced in Intel processors' Nehalem microarchitecture.
As an example of implementing polynomial division in hardware, suppose that we are trying to compute an 8-bit CRC of an 8-bit message made of the ASCII character "W", which is binary 01010111 2, decimal 87 10, or hexadecimal 57 16.
These inversions are extremely common but not universally performed, even in the case of the CRC-32 or CRC-16-CCITT polynomials. They are almost always included when sending variable-length messages, but often omitted when communicating fixed-length messages, as the problem of added zero bits is less likely to arise.
The frame check sequence (FCS) is a 16-bit CRC-CCITT or a 32-bit CRC-32 computed over the Address, Control, and Information fields. It provides a means by which the receiver can detect errors that may have been induced during the transmission of the frame, such as lost bits, flipped bits, and extraneous bits.
Catalyst 6500 Series Command Reference, 7.6, for example CPE: Customer premises equipment Telecom Telecom Glossary: CPU: Central processing Unit Microprocessor Wikipedia: CRC: Cyclic redundancy check Link and other layers 24 References here. CRC-16-CCITT: Cyclic redundancy check (X.25, HDLC) Link layers Reference on CRC page. CRT: Cathode Ray Tube
It also defines the ITU-T standard CRC-32 polynomial as x 32 +x 26 +x 23 +x 22 +x 16 +x 12 +x 11 +x 10 +x 8 +x 7 +x 5 +x 4 +x 2 +x+1, and includes the LAPM framing protocol. V.42bis , also an adaptive data compression standard, is based on the Lempel Ziv dynamic dictionary approach, and may go to "transparent mode," in which data is transmitted ...
By far the most popular FCS algorithm is a cyclic redundancy check (CRC), used in Ethernet and other IEEE 802 protocols with 32 bits, in X.25 with 16 or 32 bits, in HDLC with 16 or 32 bits, in Frame Relay with 16 bits, [3] in Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) with 16 or 32 bits, and in other data link layer protocols.
One example is the Linux kernel's EDAC subsystem (previously known as Bluesmoke), which collects the data from error-checking-enabled components inside a computer system; besides collecting and reporting back the events related to ECC memory, it also supports other checksumming errors, including those detected on the PCI bus.