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Irving Langmuir coined the phrase pathological science in a talk in 1953.. Pathological science, as defined by Langmuir, is a psychological process in which a scientist, originally conforming to the scientific method, unconsciously veers from that method, and begins a pathological process of wishful data interpretation (see the observer-expectancy effect and cognitive bias).
Examples of important subdivisions in medical imaging include radiology (which uses the imaging technologies of X-ray radiography) magnetic resonance imaging, medical ultrasonography (or ultrasound), endoscopy, elastography, tactile imaging, thermography, medical photography, nuclear medicine and functional imaging techniques such as positron ...
For example, hemolysis, icterus, lipemia, or heterophile antibodies may confound results obtained by traditional methods such as ion-selective electrodes, enzymatic assays or immunoassays. Alternate methods such as blood gas analysers, point-of-care testing or mass spectrometry may help resolve the clinical question.
Anatomic pathology relates to the processing, examination, and diagnosis of surgical specimens by a physician trained in pathological diagnosis. Clinical pathology involves the laboratory analysis of tissue samples and bodily fluids; procedures may include blood sample analysis, urinalysis, stool sample analysis, and analysis of spinal fluid ...
Pathophysiology (or physiopathology) is a branch of study, at the intersection of pathology and physiology, concerning disordered physiological processes that cause, result from, or are otherwise associated with a disease or injury.
One’s biological age, which measures the body’s physiological state, may help predict who is at risk for developing colon polyps, a known risk factor for colorectal cancer.
Pathological examples can show the importance of the assumptions in a theorem. For example, in statistics , the Cauchy distribution does not satisfy the central limit theorem , even though its symmetric bell-shape appears similar to many distributions which do; it fails the requirement to have a mean and standard deviation which exist and that ...
Denis Rousseau used polywater as a classic example of pathological science and has since written on other examples as well. [14] It has been suggested that polywater should have been dismissed on theoretical grounds.