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Based in grounded theory, open coding is the analytic process through which concepts (codes) are attached to observed data and phenomena during qualitative data analysis.It is one of the techniques described by Strauss (1987) and Strauss and Corbin (1990) for working with text.
Pandas is built around data structures called Series and DataFrames. Data for these collections can be imported from various file formats such as comma-separated values, JSON, Parquet, SQL database tables or queries, and Microsoft Excel. [8] A Series is a 1-dimensional data structure built on top of NumPy's array.
Rich text can be saved in binary format (e.g. DOC), text files adhering to a markup language (e.g. RTF or HTML), or in a hybrid form of both (e.g. Office Open XML). Text editors are intended to open and save text files containing either plain text or anything that can be interpreted as plain text, including the markup for rich text or the ...
An array data structure can be mathematically modeled as an abstract data structure (an abstract array) with two operations get(A, I): the data stored in the element of the array A whose indices are the integer tuple I. set(A, I, V): the array that results by setting the value of that element to V. These operations are required to satisfy the ...
Some file managers implement a TUI (here: Midnight Commander) Vim is a very widely used TUI text editor. In computing, text-based user interfaces (TUI) (alternately terminal user interfaces, to reflect a dependence upon the properties of computer terminals and not just text), is a retronym describing a type of user interface (UI) common as an early form of human–computer interaction, before ...
The Leiden algorithm is a community detection algorithm developed by Traag et al [1] at Leiden University.It was developed as a modification of the Louvain method.Like the Louvain method, the Leiden algorithm attempts to optimize modularity in extracting communities from networks; however, it addresses key issues present in the Louvain method, namely poorly connected communities and the ...
An open file format is licensed with an open license. [3] [4] [failed verification] [contradictory] For example, an open format can be implemented by both proprietary and free and open-source software, using the typical software licenses used by each. In contrast to open file formats, closed file formats are considered trade secrets.
Since open access publication does not charge readers, there are many financial models used to cover costs by other means. [72] Open access can be provided by commercial publishers, who may publish open access as well as subscription-based journals, or dedicated open-access publishers such as Public Library of Science (PLOS) and BioMed Central ...