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Each ligamentum flavum connects the laminae of two adjacent vertebrae. [2] [3] They attach to the anterior portion of the upper lamina above, and the posterior portion of the lower lamina below. [1] They begin with the junction of the axis and third cervical vertebra, continuing down to the junction of the 5th lumbar vertebra and the sacrum. [2 ...
From a clinical standpoint, denticulate ligaments do not play a significant role in lumbar spinal stenosis when compared to issues such as disc herniations, facet hypertrophy, shape of spinal canal, size of spinal canal, ligamentum flavum hypertrophy, or degenerative joint disease resulting in bony osteophyte formation. [citation needed]
This ligament is analogous in function (but different in exact structural detail) to the nuchal ligament found in ungulates. [8] This ligament allows dogs to carry their heads while running long distances, such as while following scent trails with their nose to the ground, without expending much energy. [8]
ligamentum arteriosum: extra-hepatic portion of the fetal left umbilical vein: ligamentum teres hepatis (the "round ligament of the liver"). intra-hepatic portion of the fetal left umbilical vein (the ductus venosus) ligamentum venosum: distal portions of the fetal left and right umbilical arteries: medial umbilical ligaments
Dogs have ear mobility that allows them to rapidly pinpoint the exact location of a sound. Eighteen or more muscles can tilt, rotate, raise, or lower a dog's ear. A dog can identify a sound's location much faster than a human can, as well as hear sounds at four times the distance. [41] Dogs can lose their hearing from age or an ear infection. [42]
The outer ear, external ear, or auris externa is the external part of the ear, which consists of the auricle (also pinna) and the ear canal. [1] It gathers sound energy and focuses it on the eardrum ( tympanic membrane ).
The mastoid antrum (tympanic antrum, antrum mastoideum, Valsalva's antrum) is an air space in the petrous portion of the temporal bone, communicating posteriorly with the mastoid cells and anteriorly with the epitympanic recess of the middle ear via the aditus to mastoid antrum (entrance to the mastoid antrum). These air spaces function as ...
The posterior incudal ligament plays an important role in the vibration of the middle ear bones: together with the anterior ligament of the malleus, it forms a pivotal axis around which the ossicles rotate. This rotation conveys vibrations from the tympanum to the oval window on the bony labyrinth (where they can be transduced into electrical ...