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In adults, symptoms can occur at levels above 40 μg/dL, but are more likely to occur only above 50–60 μg/dL. [30] Symptoms begin to appear in children generally at around 60 μg/dL. [5] However, the lead levels at which symptoms appear vary widely depending on unknown characteristics of each individual. [39]
Bismuthia is a rare dermatological condition that results from the prolonged use of bismuth. Much more rarely than with silver, bismuth may produce a generalized persistent skin discoloration resembling argyria. The conjunctivae and oral mucosa, as well as skin, are commonly afflicted by the condition.
Prevalence has been estimated as 1 in 100,000 people per year. [3] SRUS can occur at any age, but it is most common in adults aged between 30-50. [3] Males and females are affected almost equally, [3] or females slightly more. [1] Misdiagnosis as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or rectal polyps may hide the true prevalence of SRUS. [3]
Obstructed defecation syndrome (abbreviated as ODS, with many synonymous terms) is a major cause of functional constipation (primary constipation), [18] of which it is considered a subtype. [19] It is characterized by difficult and/or incomplete emptying of the rectum with or without an actual reduction in the number of bowel movements per week ...
Constipation is a bowel dysfunction that makes bowel movements infrequent or hard to pass. [2] The stool is often hard and dry. [4] Other symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, and feeling as if one has not completely passed the bowel movement. [3]
Bismuth subsalicylate four times daily reduces rates of travelers' diarrhea. [ 2 ] [ 27 ] Though many travelers find a four-times-per-day regimen inconvenient, lower doses are not effective. [ 2 ] [ 27 ] Potential side effects include black tongue, black stools, nausea, constipation, and ringing in the ears .
Bismuth sulfide is a highly insoluble black salt, and the discoloration seen is temporary and harmless. Long-term use (more than six weeks) may lead to accumulation and toxicity. [8] High daily intake over a period of months can possibly cause severe fatigue, weakness and neurological symptoms that reverse with discontinuation. [9]
Identification of the exact causes usually begins with a thorough medical history, including detailed questioning about symptoms, bowel habits, diet, medication, and other medical problems. Digital rectal examination is performed to assess resting pressure and voluntary contraction (maximum squeeze) of the sphincter complex and puborectalis.