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Formally, P is a symmetric polynomial if for any permutation σ of the subscripts 1, 2, ..., n one has P(X σ(1), X σ(2), ..., X σ(n)) = P(X 1, X 2, ..., X n). Symmetric polynomials arise naturally in the study of the relation between the roots of a polynomial in one variable and its coefficients, since the coefficients can be given by ...
The following lists the power sum symmetric polynomials of positive degrees up to n for the first three positive values of . In every case, = is one of the polynomials. The list goes up to degree n because the power sum symmetric polynomials of degrees 1 to n are basic in the sense of the theorem stated below.
The power sum symmetric polynomial is a building block for symmetric polynomials. The sum of the reciprocals of all perfect powers including duplicates (but not including 1) equals 1. The Erdős–Moser equation , 1 k + 2 k + ⋯ + m k = ( m + 1 ) k {\displaystyle 1^{k}+2^{k}+\cdots +m^{k}=(m+1)^{k}} where m and k are positive integers, is ...
For any commutative ring A, denote the ring of symmetric polynomials in the variables X 1, ..., X n with coefficients in A by A[X 1, ..., X n] S n. This is a polynomial ring in the n elementary symmetric polynomials e k (X 1, ..., X n) for k = 1, ..., n. This means that every symmetric polynomial P(X 1, ..., X n) ∈ A[X 1, ..., X n] S n has a ...
The Newton identities also permit expressing the elementary symmetric polynomials in terms of the power sum symmetric polynomials, showing that any symmetric polynomial can also be expressed in the power sums. In fact the first n power sums also form an algebraic basis for the space of symmetric polynomials.
The symmetric algebra S(V) can also be built from polynomial rings.. If V is a K-vector space or a free K-module, with a basis B, let K[B] be the polynomial ring that has the elements of B as indeterminates.
Aside from polynomial functions, tensors that act as functions of several vectors can be symmetric, and in fact the space of symmetric -tensors on a vector space is isomorphic to the space of homogeneous polynomials of degree on . Symmetric functions should not be confused with even and odd functions, which have a different sort of symmetry.
Working with variables ,, …,, denote by the complete homogeneous symmetric polynomial, that is the sum of all monomials of degree k in the variables , and by the elementary symmetric polynomials.
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