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2. Exponentiation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation

   In mathematics, exponentiation, denoted b n, is an operation involving two numbers: the base, b, and the exponent or power, n. [1] When n is a positive integer, exponentiation corresponds to repeated multiplication of the base: that is, b n is the product of multiplying n bases: [1] = ⏟.

3. Order of operations - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_operations

   When exponents were introduced in the 16th and 17th centuries, they were given precedence over both addition and multiplication and placed as a superscript to the right of their base. [2] Thus 3 + 5 2 = 28 and 3 × 5 2 = 75. These conventions exist to avoid notational ambiguity while allowing notation to remain brief. [4]

4. Addition-chain exponentiation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addition-chain_exponentiation

   In mathematics and computer science, optimal addition-chain exponentiation is a method of exponentiation by a positive integer power that requires a minimal number of multiplications. Using the form of the shortest addition chain, with multiplication instead of addition, computes the desired exponent (instead of multiple) of the base.

5. List of numeral systems - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_numeral_systems

   "A base is a natural number B whose powers (B multiplied by itself some number of times) are specially designated within a numerical system." [1]: 38 The term is not equivalent to radix, as it applies to all numerical notation systems (not just positional ones with a radix) and most systems of spoken numbers. [1]

6. Knuth's up-arrow notation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knuth's_up-arrow_notation

   This is equivalent to the hyperoperation sequence except it omits the three more basic operations of succession, addition and multiplication. One can alternatively choose multiplication ( a ↑ 0 b = a × b ) {\displaystyle (a\uparrow ^{0}b=a\times b)} as the base case and iterate from there.

7. Exponentiation by squaring - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation_by_squaring

   The method is based on the observation that, for any integer >, one has: = {() /, /,. If the exponent n is zero then the answer is 1. If the exponent is negative then we can reuse the previous formula by rewriting the value using a positive exponent.

8. Algebraic operation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_operation

   Rather than using the ambiguous division sign (÷), [a] division is usually represented with a vinculum, a horizontal line, as in ⁠ 3 / x + 1 ⁠. In plain text and programming languages, a slash (also called a solidus) is used, e.g. 3 / (x + 1). Exponents are usually formatted using superscripts, as in x 2.

9. Elementary arithmetic - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_arithmetic

   Elementary arithmetic is a branch of mathematics involving addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Due to its low level of abstraction , broad range of application, and position as the foundation of all mathematics, elementary arithmetic is generally the first branch of mathematics taught in schools.