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In engineering and systems theory, redundancy is the intentional duplication of critical components or functions of a system with the goal of increasing reliability of the system, usually in the form of a backup or fail-safe, or to improve actual system performance, such as in the case of GNSS receivers, or multi-threaded computer processing.
An example is a server chassis that has three power supplies; the system may be set to 2+1 redundancy so that the blades can enjoy the power of two PSUs and have one available to give redundancy if one fails. It is also common to mix live (hot) redundancy where UPSes are online, and cold standby redundancy where they are offline until needed.
Systems can be made robust by adding redundancy in all potential SPOFs. Redundancy can be achieved at various levels. Redundancy can be achieved at various levels. The assessment of a potential SPOF involves identifying the critical components of a complex system that would provoke a total systems failure in case of malfunction . [ 2 ]
The idea of incorporating redundancy in order to improve the reliability of a system was pioneered by John von Neumann in the 1950s. [24] Two kinds of redundancy are possible: [25] space redundancy and time redundancy. Space redundancy provides additional components, functions, or data items that are unnecessary for fault-free operation.
Zero downtime involves massive redundancy, which is needed for some types of aircraft and for most kinds of communications satellites. Global Positioning System is an example of a zero downtime system. Fault instrumentation can be used in systems with limited redundancy to achieve high availability. Maintenance actions occur during brief ...
[1] [2] Data redundancy can also be used as a measure against silent data corruption; for example, file systems such as Btrfs and ZFS use data and metadata checksumming in combination with copies of stored data to detect silent data corruption and repair its effects. [3]
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Data redundancy, database systems which have a field that is repeated in two or more tables; Logic redundancy, a digital gate network containing circuitry that does not affect the static logic function; Redundancy (engineering), the duplication of critical components or functions of a system with the intention of increasing reliability