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It is common to place additional requirements on topological manifolds. In particular, many authors define them to be paracompact [3] or second-countable. [2] In the remainder of this article a manifold will mean a topological manifold. An n-manifold will mean a topological manifold such that every point has a neighborhood homeomorphic to R n.
This is a list of particular manifolds, by Wikipedia page. See also list of geometric topology topics . For categorical listings see Category:Manifolds and its subcategories.
After a line, a circle is the simplest example of a topological manifold. Topology ignores bending, so a small piece of a circle is treated the same as a small piece of a line. Considering, for instance, the top part of the unit circle, x 2 + y 2 = 1, where the y-coordinate is positive (indicated by the yellow arc in Figure 1).
A topological manifold that is in the image of is said to "admit a differentiable structure", and the fiber over a given topological manifold is "the different differentiable structures on the given topological manifold". Thus given two categories, the two natural questions are:
In geometry, if X is a manifold with an action of a topological group G by analytical diffeomorphisms, the notion of a (G, X)-structure on a topological space is a way to formalise it being locally isomorphic to X with its G-invariant structure; spaces with a (G, X)-structure are always manifolds and are called (G, X)-manifolds.
Manifolds in contemporary mathematics come in a number of types. These include: smooth manifolds, which are basic in calculus in several variables, mathematical analysis and differential geometry; piecewise-linear manifolds; topological manifolds. There are also related classes, such as homology manifolds and orbifolds, that resemble manifolds.
There are three main types of structures important on manifolds. The foundational geometric structures are piecewise linear, mostly studied in geometric topology, and smooth manifold structures on a given topological manifold, which are the concern of differential topology as far as classification goes. Building on a smooth structure, there are:
Just as there are various types of manifolds, there are various types of maps of manifolds. PDIFF serves to relate DIFF and PL, and it is equivalent to PL.. In geometric topology, the basic types of maps correspond to various categories of manifolds: DIFF for smooth functions between differentiable manifolds, PL for piecewise linear functions between piecewise linear manifolds, and TOP for ...