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Serotonin (5-HT3) receptor antagonists can be administered as a single dose at the end of surgery. Adverse effects include prolongation of the QT interval on electrocardiogram (EKG). Medications include ondansetron, granisetron, and dolasetron. Anticholinergics can be used as a long-acting patch placed behind the patient's ear. Adverse effects ...
Conscious sedation and monitored anesthesia care (MAC) refer to an awareness somewhere in the middle of the spectrum, depending on the degree to which a patient is sedated. Monitored anesthesia care involves titration of local anesthesia along with sedation and analgesia. [18] Awareness/wakefulness does not necessarily imply pain or discomfort.
Muscle relaxation allows surgery within major body cavities, such as the abdomen and thorax, without the need for very deep anaesthesia, and also facilitates endotracheal intubation. Acetylcholine, a natural neurotransmitter found at the neuromuscular junction, causes muscles to contract when it is released from nerve endings. Muscle paralytic ...
Brain tumors, which can cause the chemoreceptors to malfunction; Benign intracranial hypertension and hydrocephalus; Metabolic disturbances (these may irritate both the stomach and the parts of the brain that coordinate vomiting): [citation needed] Hypercalcemia (high calcium levels) Uremia (urea accumulation, usually due to kidney failure ...
The main hypothesized benefit of preoperative fasting is to prevent pulmonary aspiration of stomach contents while under the effects of general anesthesia. Aspiration of as little as 30–40 mL can be a significant cause of suffering and death during an operation and therefore fasting is performed to reduce the volume of stomach contents as much as possible.
In some cases, trapped gas can cause bloating, so people can take an over-the-counter pill like Gas-X, or a peppermint oil capsule. But neither is a long-term solution.
The most common symptom associated with bloating is a sensation that the abdomen is full or distended. Rarely, bloating may be painful or cause shortness of breath. [citation needed] Pains that are due to bloating will feel sharp and cause the stomach to cramp. These pains may occur anywhere in the body and can change locations quickly. [8]
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