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A scientific control is an experiment or observation designed to minimize the effects of variables other than the independent variable (i.e. confounding variables). [1] This increases the reliability of the results, often through a comparison between control measurements and the other measurements.
A tachyonic antitelephone is a hypothetical device in theoretical physics that could be used to send signals into one's own past. Albert Einstein in 1907 [1] [2] presented a thought experiment of how faster-than-light signals can lead to a paradox of causality, which was described by Einstein and Arnold Sommerfeld in 1910 as a means "to telegraph into the past". [3]
Contemporary experiments to find neutrinoless double beta decays (see section on experiments) aim at both the proof of the Majorana nature of neutrinos and the measurement of this effective Majorana mass (can only be done if the decay is actually generated by the neutrino masses).
In biological research, experiments or tests are often used to study predicted causal relationships between two phenomena. [1] These causal relationships may be described in terms of the logical concepts of necessity and sufficiency. Consider the statement that a phenomenon x causes a phenomenon y.
Visual communication is a common dominance signal among animals. They are an effective modality as they come at a low cost to the animal and minimize risk. The Gila Monster (Heloderma suspectum) for example, express bright orange splotches during territorial conflict to warn competitors that they are poisonous, and thus assert their dominance over a territory.
The Bothe–Geiger experiment was the first significant coincidence experiment to test the transfer of energy between the incoming photon and the electron in this process. The experiment utilized two Geiger counters: one to detect the initial recoiling election and one to simultaneously detect a secondary electron recoil caused by the photonic ...
Signal refers to both the process and the result of transmission of data over some media accomplished by embedding some variation. Signals are important in multiple subject fields including signal processing, information theory and biology. In signal processing, a signal is a function that conveys information about a phenomenon. [1]
A sample GSR signal of 60 seconds duration. Electrodermal activity (EDA) is the property of the human body that causes continuous variation in the electrical characteristics of the skin.