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Self-organization, also called spontaneous order in the social sciences, is a process where some form of overall order arises from local interactions between parts of an initially disordered system. The process can be spontaneous when sufficient energy is available, not needing control by any external agent.
A somatosensory pathway will typically have three neurons: [18] first-order, second-order, and third-order. [ 19 ] The first-order neuron is a type of pseudounipolar neuron and always has its cell body in the dorsal root ganglion of the spinal nerve with a peripheral axon innervating touch mechanoreceptors and a central axon synapsing on the ...
It is cybernetics where "the role of the observer is appreciated and acknowledged rather than disguised, as had become traditional in western science". [1] Second-order cybernetics was developed between the late 1960s and mid 1970s [note 1] by Heinz von Foerster and others, with key inspiration coming from Margaret Mead. Foerster referred to it ...
The second stage of the study involved confirming the findings in humans by analyzing samples of fat tissue from people who had undergone bariatric surgery as a form of treatment for obesity or ...
Second-order cybernetics: Also known as the cybernetics of cybernetics, second-order cybernetics is the recursive application of cybernetics to itself and the practice of cybernetics according to such a critique. Schismogenesis; Self-organisation; Social systems theory; Syntegrity; Variety and Requisite Variety; Viable system model
An example of second-order conditioning. In classical conditioning, second-order conditioning or higher-order conditioning is a form of learning in which a stimulus is first made meaningful or consequential for an organism through an initial step of learning, and then that stimulus is used as a basis for learning about some new stimulus.
Second order approximation, an approximation that includes quadratic terms; Second-order arithmetic, an axiomatization allowing quantification of sets of numbers; Second-order differential equation, a differential equation in which the highest derivative is the second; Second-order logic, an extension of predicate logic
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