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The ankle-brachial pressure index (ABPI) or ankle-brachial index (ABI) is the ratio of the blood pressure at the ankle to the blood pressure in the upper arm (brachium). Compared to the arm, lower blood pressure in the leg suggests blocked arteries due to peripheral artery disease (PAD).
If MRA or CTA is [13] non-conclusive, DSA may be used as a further option with a high sensitivity (> 97%) for PAES diagnosis. [23] Additionally, functional PAES in which the gastrocnemius hypertrophy causes arterial compression during exercise can be best evaluated with dynamic CT. [23] For dynamic CT, initial images are taken with the patient ...
Acquired brain injury (ABI) is brain damage caused by events after birth, rather than as part of a genetic or congenital disorder such as fetal alcohol syndrome, perinatal illness or perinatal hypoxia. [1] ABI can result in cognitive, physical, emotional, or behavioural impairments that lead to permanent or temporary changes in functioning. [1]
A baseline ABI is obtained prior to exercise. The patient is then asked to exercise (usually patients are made to walk on a treadmill at a constant speed) until claudication pain occurs (for a maximum of 5 minutes), after which the ankle pressure is again measured. A decrease in ABI of 15%–20% would be diagnostic of PAD. [42] [50]
[5] [47] The swelling of the soft tissues around the blood vessels compresses the blood and lymphatic vessels. [47] [45] This causes more fluid to enter the extracellular spaces, leading to further compression. [5] The pressure keeps rising due to the non-compliant fascia in the compartment. [5]
Mönckeberg's arteriosclerosis, or Mönckeberg's sclerosis, is a non-inflammatory form of arteriosclerosis (artery hardening), which differs from atherosclerosis traditionally. Calcium deposits are found in the muscular middle layer of the walls of arteries (the tunica media ) [ 1 ] with no obstruction of the lumen .
Patients with this condition can present with intermittent claudication which is pain mainly in the calves and thighs while walking. If there is progression, a patient may also present with chronic limb threatening ischemia which encompasses pain at rest and non-healing wounds. Vascular surgeons are experts in the diagnosis, medical management ...
Acquired brain injury (ABI), traumatic brain injury (TBI), focal or diffuse, primary and secondary Brain injury ( BI ) is the destruction or degeneration of brain cells . Brain injuries occur due to a wide range of internal and external factors.