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Rubella virus (RuV) is the pathogenic agent of the disease rubella, transmitted only between humans via the respiratory route, and is the main cause of congenital rubella syndrome when infection occurs during the first weeks of pregnancy. Rubella virus, scientific name Rubivirus rubellae, is a member of the genus Rubivirus and belongs to the ...
Rubella infection in pregnancy can result in various outcomes ranging from asymptomatic infection to congenital defects to miscarriage and fetal death. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] If infection occurs 0–11 weeks after conception, the infant has a 90% risk of being affected. [ 1 ]
Maternal infection with rubella virus during pregnancy can lead to congenital rubella syndrome. The risk of congenital infection is highest during the first trimester (< 12 weeks). Risk of congenital rubella is increased among immigrant women from countries without adequate vaccination programs.
Rubella virus specific IgM antibodies are present in people recently infected by rubella virus, but these antibodies can persist for over a year, and a positive test result needs to be interpreted with caution. [25] The presence of these antibodies along with, or a short time after, the characteristic rash confirms the diagnosis. [26]
056.01 Encephalomyelitis due to rubella; 056.09 Rubella with other neurological complications; 056.7 Rubella with other specified complications 056.71 Arthritis due to rubella; 056.79 Rubella with other specified complications; 056.8 Rubella with unspecified complications; 056.9 Rubella without mention of complication; 057 Other viral exanthemata
Rubella vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent rubella. [1] Effectiveness begins about two weeks after a single dose and around 95% of people become immune. Countries with high rates of immunization no longer see cases of rubella or congenital rubella syndrome .
TORCH syndrome is a cluster of symptoms caused by congenital infection with toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, and other organisms including syphilis, parvovirus, and Varicella zoster. [1] Zika virus is considered the most recent member of TORCH infections. [2]
The placenta does not block maternal IgG antibodies, which thereby may pass through the human placenta, providing immune protection to the fetus against infectious diseases. One model for the induction of tolerance during the very early stages of pregnancy is the eutherian fetoembryonic defense system (eu-FEDS) hypothesis. [ 10 ]