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Carrageenan, an additive made from seaweed, is used to thicken processed foods for improved texture, and while it is very common, it may cause gastrointestinal problems in those who eat it.
Kappa-carrageenan has one sulfate group per disaccharide, iota-carrageenan has two, and lambda-carrageenan has three. [ 2 ] A common seaweed used for manufacturing the hydrophilic colloids to produce carrageenan is Chondrus crispus (Irish moss), which is a dark red, parsley-like alga that grows attached to rocks.
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As of this writing, the opening paragraph states: "Carrageenan has undergone long-term dietary studies under defined regulatory conditions en route to its current global regulatory status, and the majority of these indicate carrageenan safely passes through animal or human GI tracts without adverse effect when it is a dietary ingredient. [1]
Poligeenan is produced by the harsh acid degradation of carrageenan. Carrageenan in solution is processed at low pH (~1.0) and high temperature (90 °C (190 °F)) for up to six hours until the weight-average molecular weight (M w) has been reduced to the range 10,000 – 20,000 daltons (10–20 kDa).
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Eucheuma, commonly known as sea moss or gusô (/ ɡ u ˈ s ɔː ʔ /), is a rhodophyte seaweed that may vary in color (purple, brown, and green). Eucheuma species are used in the production of carrageenan, an ingredient for cosmetics, food processing, and industrial manufacturing, as well as a food source for people in the Philippines, Caribbean and parts of Indonesia and Malaysia. [1]
Eucheuma denticulatum is a species of red algae and one of the primary sources of iota carrageenan. It exists naturally in the Philippines , tropical Asia, and the western Pacific, [ 2 ] but for the commercial extraction of carrageenan it is usually cultivated.