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For example, there are moths and butterflies that are ZW, but some have been found female with ZO, as well as female with ZZW. [22] Also, while mammals deactivate one of their extra X chromosomes when female, it appears that in the case of Lepidoptera , the males produce double the normal amount of enzymes, due to having two Z's. [ 22 ]
In sociology, heterogamy refers to a marriage between two individuals that differ in a certain criterion, and is contrasted with homogamy for a marriage or union between partners that match according to that criterion. For example, ethnic heterogamy refers to marriages involving individuals of different ethnic groups.
In X-linked recessive disorders, only females can be the carriers of the recessive mutation, making them obligate carriers of this type of disease. Females acquire one X-chromosome from their father and one from their mother, and this means they can either be heterozygous for the mutated allele or homozygous. If heterozygous, she is a carrier ...
In birds and some reptiles, by contrast, it is the female which is heterozygous and carries a Z and a W chromosome while the male carries two Z chromosomes. In mammals, females can have XXX or X. [30] [31] Mammalian females bear live young, with the exception of monotreme females, which lay eggs. [32]
It has been suggested that Haldane's rule simply reflects the fact that the male sex is more sensitive than the female when the sex-determining genes are included in a hybrid genome. But there are also organisms in which the heterozygous sex is the female: birds and butterflies and the law is followed in these organisms. Therefore, it is not a ...
A study on guppies, Poecilia reticulata, revealed that the female preference was sufficient to tightly maintain polymorphism in male traits. [6] This type of mate choice shows that costly preferences can persist at higher frequencies if mate choice is hindered, which would allow the alleles to approach fixation.
The Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology is a dictionary of sociological terms published by Cambridge University Press and edited by Bryan S. Turner. There has only been one edition so far. The Board of Editorial Advisors is made up of: Bryan S. Turner, Ira Cohen, Jeff Manza, Gianfranco Poggi, Beth Schneider, Susan Silbey, and Carol Smart. In ...
In humans, barring intersex conditions causing aneuploidy and other unusual states, it is the male that is heterogametic, with XY sex chromosomes.. Haldane's rule is an observation about the early stage of speciation, formulated in 1922 by the British evolutionary biologist J. B. S. Haldane, that states that if — in a species hybrid — only one sex is inviable or sterile, that sex is more ...