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Non-specific defences include skin and scales, as well as the mucus layer secreted by the epidermis that traps microorganisms and inhibits their growth. If pathogens breach these defences, fish can develop inflammatory responses that increase the flow of blood to infected areas and deliver white blood cells that attempt to destroy the pathogens.
Vibrio alginolyticus is a Gram-negative marine bacterium. [1] [2] It is medically important since it causes otitis and wound infection. [1]It is also present in the bodies of animals such as pufferfish, where it is responsible for the production of the potent neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin.
Some fish show no external symptoms, but others show signs of infection that include bulging eyes, bloated abdomens, bruised-looking reddish tints to the eyes, skin, gills and fins. Some infected fish have open sores that may look like the lesions from other diseases or from lamprey attacks.
Dermocystidium is a genus of cyst-forming, eukaryotic fish parasites, [2] the causative agents of dermocystidiosis Further information: Hyalochlorella Taxonomic history
acute skin burning (on direct contact with water); or; three or more of an additional set of conditions (headaches, skin rash, eye irritation, upper respiratory irritation, muscle cramps, and gastrointestinal complaints (i.e., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and/or abdominal cramps).
Edwardsiella tarda is a member of the family Hafniaceae. [1] [2] The bacterium is a facultatively anaerobic, small, motile, gram negative, straight rod with flagella.[1] [2] Infection causes Edwardsiella septicemia (also known as ES, edwardsiellosis, emphysematous putrefactive disease of catfish, fish gangrene, and red disease) in channel catfish, eels, and flounder.
Alternatively, a fish can become infected by eating an infected oligochaete. Infected tubificids can release triactinomyxons for at least a year. The triactinomyxon spores are carried by the water currents, where they can infect a salmonid through the skin. Penetration of the fish by these spores takes only a few seconds.
Miamiensis avidus is a species of unicellular marine eukaryote that is a parasite of many different types of fish.It is one of several organisms known to cause the fish disease scuticociliatosis and is considered an economically significant pathogen of farmed fish. [2]