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  2. Radius of curvature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radius_of_curvature

    Radius of curvature and center of curvature. In differential geometry, the radius of curvature, R, is the reciprocal of the curvature. For a curve, it equals the radius of the circular arc which best approximates the curve at that point. For surfaces, the radius of curvature is the radius of a circle that best fits a normal section or ...

  3. Haversine formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haversine_formula

    The haversine formula determines the great-circle distance between two points on a sphere given their longitudes and latitudes. Important in navigation , it is a special case of a more general formula in spherical trigonometry , the law of haversines , that relates the sides and angles of spherical triangles.

  4. Circular error probable - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_error_probable

    The relation between and are given by the following table, where the values for DRMS and 2DRMS (twice the distance root mean square) are specific to the Rayleigh distribution and are found numerically, while the CEP, R95 (95% radius) and R99.7 (99.7% radius) values are defined based on the 68–95–99.7 rule

  5. Circular mean - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_mean

    The resulting radius will be 1 if all angles are equal. If the angles are uniformly distributed on the circle, then the resulting radius will be 0, and there is no circular mean. (In fact, it is impossible to define a continuous mean operation on the circle.) In other words, the radius measures the concentration of the angles.

  6. Equivalent radius - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_radius

    as one would expect. This is equivalent to the above definition of the 2D mean diameter. However, for historical reasons, the hydraulic radius is defined as the cross-sectional area of a pipe A, divided by its wetted perimeter P, which leads to =, and the hydraulic radius is half of the 2D mean radius.

  7. Gauss circle problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss_circle_problem

    Although the original problem asks for integer lattice points in a circle, there is no reason not to consider other shapes, for example conics; indeed Dirichlet's divisor problem is the equivalent problem where the circle is replaced by the rectangular hyperbola. [3]

  8. Circle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle

    Usually, the radius is denoted and required to be a positive number. A circle with = is a degenerate case consisting of a single point. Sector: a region bounded by two radii of equal length with a common centre and either of the two possible arcs, determined by this centre and the endpoints of the radii.

  9. Diameter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diameter

    Half of any such diameter may be called a semidiameter, although this term is most often a synonym for the radius of a circle or sphere. [3] The longest diameter is called the major axis. Conjugate diameters are a pair of diameters where one is parallel to a tangent to the ellipse at the endpoint of the other diameter.