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As per Falkow's original descriptions, the three postulates are: [1] "The phenotype or property under investigation should be associated with pathogenic members of a genus or pathogenic strains of a species. Specific inactivation of the gene(s) associated with the suspected virulence trait should lead to a measurable loss in pathogenicity or ...
Falkow is known as the father of the field of molecular microbial pathogenesis. [1] He formulated molecular Koch's postulates, which have guided the study of the microbial determinants of infectious diseases since the late 1980s. [2] Falkow spent over 50 years uncovering molecular mechanisms of how bacteria cause disease and how to disarm them. [1]
In 1988, microbiologist Stanley Falkow developed a set of three Molecular Koch's postulates for identifying the microbial genes encoding virulence factors. First, the phenotype of a disease symptom must be associated with a specific genotype only found in pathogenic strains. Second, that symptom should not be present when the associated gene is ...
Hamilton Othanel Smith (born August 23, 1931 in New York) [1] is an American microbiologist and Nobel laureate. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Smith graduated from University Laboratory High School of Urbana, Illinois .
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Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch (/ k ɒ x / KOKH; [1] [2] German: [ˈʁoːbɛʁt ˈkɔx] ⓘ; 11 December 1843 – 27 May 1910) was a German physician and microbiologist.As the discoverer of the specific causative agents of deadly infectious diseases including tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax, he is regarded as one of the main founders of modern bacteriology.
The addition of the fourth postulate dates back to at least 1896, with Erwin Smith's "The Bacterial Diseases of Plants: A Critical Review of Our Present State of Knowledge." It also features the Koch's second postulate, and the isolation and pure culturing as an independent postulate.
However, all of its puzzles are based on wordplay and linguistics. The NPL groups puzzles into four primary categories. The oldest two are the "flat" (which has a one-line answer) and the "form" (which has a multi-line answer). Flats (verse puzzles and anagrams) were a leading type of wordplay before black-squared crosswords were invented.