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  2. Economies of scale - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale

    Economies of scale is related to and can easily be confused with the theoretical economic notion of returns to scale. Where economies of scale refer to a firm's costs, returns to scale describe the relationship between inputs and outputs in a long-run (all inputs variable) production function.

  3. Economies of scope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scope

    Economies of scope is an economic theory stating that average total cost (ATC) of production decrease as a result of increasing the number of different goods produced. [2] For example, a gas station primarily sells gasoline, but can sell soda, milk, baked goods, etc. and thus achieve economies of scope since with the same facility, each new ...

  4. Macrosociology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrosociology

    Political Economy of the World-Systems (PEWS): a branch of historical macrosociology that bases its analysis on the systems of states, searching for "generalizations about interdependencies among a system's components and of principles of variation among systemic conditions across time and space."

  5. Production (economics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_(economics)

    The production function is a graphical or mathematical expression showing the relationship between the inputs used in production and the output achieved. Both graphical and mathematical expressions are presented and demonstrated. The production function is a simple description of the mechanism of income generation in production process.

  6. Minimum efficient scale - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_efficient_scale

    Economies of scale refers to the cost advantage arise from increasing amount of production. Mathematically, it is a situation in which the firm can double its output for less than doubling the cost, which brings cost advantages. Usually, economies of scale can be represented in connection with a cost-production elasticity, Ec. [3]

  7. Production set - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_set

    If Y is a separable production set with a production value function f p, then (positive) economies of scale are present if f p (λx) > λf p (x) for all λ > 1 and f p (λx) < λf p (x) for all λ < 1. The opposite condition may be referred to as negative economies (or diseconomies) of scale.

  8. Outline of economics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_economics

    Economy – system of human activities related to the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area. Economies, by political & social ideological structure

  9. Industrial organization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_organization

    The Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) classification codes are one way of representing the range of economics subjects and subareas. There, Industrial Organization, one of 20 primary categories, has 9 secondary categories, each with multiple tertiary categories. [16]