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Studies of reinforcement in nature often prove difficult, as alternative explanations for the detected patterns can be asserted. [3]: 358 Nevertheless, empirical evidence exists for reinforcement occurring across various taxa [7] and its role in precipitating speciation is conclusive. [8]
Reinforcement's ubiquity is unknown, [4] but the patterns of reproductive character displacement are found across numerous taxa and is considered to be a common occurrence in nature. [18] Studies of reinforcement in nature often prove difficult, as alternative explanations for the detected patterns can be asserted.
For example, the secondary contact between Homo sapiens and Neanderthals, as well as the Denisovans, left traces of their genes in modern human. However, if hybridization is so common that the resulting population received significant amount of genetic contribution from both populations, the result should be considered a fusion.
Reinforcement is the deliberate introduction and integration of an organism into an area where its species is already established. [1] This mode of translocation is implemented in populations whose numbers have dropped below critical levels, become dangerously inbred, or who need artificial immigration to maintain genetic diversity. [15]
Reinforcement is the process by which natural selection reinforces reproductive isolation. In sympatry, reinforcement increases species discrimination and sexual adaptation in order to avoid maladaptive hybridization and encourage speciation. If hybrid offspring are either sterile or less-fit than non-hybrid offspring, mating between members of ...
Reinforcement favoring reproductive isolation is required for both parapatric and sympatric speciation. Without reinforcement, the geographic area of contact between different forms of the same species, called their "hybrid zone", will not develop into a boundary between the different species.
Hybrid zones can form from secondary contact. A hybrid zone exists where the ranges of two interbreeding species or diverged intraspecific lineages meet and cross-fertilize. . Hybrid zones can form in situ due to the evolution of a new lineage [1] [page needed] but generally they result from secondary contact of the parental forms after a period of geographic isolation, which allowed their ...
An example is the periodical 13- and 17-year Magicicada species. [3] allo-parapatric speciation A mode of speciation where divergence occurs in allopatry and is completed upon secondary contact of the populations--effectively a form of reinforcement. [4] [3] allometry