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In mathematics, an extraneous solution (or spurious solution) is one which emerges from the process of solving a problem but is not a valid solution to it. [1] A missing solution is a valid one which is lost during the solution process.
The Clay Institute has pledged a US $1 million prize for the first correct solution to each problem. The Clay Mathematics Institute officially designated the title Millennium Problem for the seven unsolved mathematical problems, the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture, Hodge conjecture, Navier–Stokes existence and smoothness, P versus NP ...
Many mathematical problems have been stated but not yet solved. These problems come from many areas of mathematics, such as theoretical physics, computer science, algebra, analysis, combinatorics, algebraic, differential, discrete and Euclidean geometries, graph theory, group theory, model theory, number theory, set theory, Ramsey theory, dynamical systems, and partial differential equations.
Sleeping Beauty problem: A probability problem that can be correctly answered as one half or one third depending on how the question is approached. Three Prisoners problem , also known as the Three Prisoners paradox: [ 3 ] A variation of the Monty Hall problem .
As with the Hilbert problems, one of the prize problems (the Poincaré conjecture) was solved relatively soon after the problems were announced. The Riemann hypothesis is noteworthy for its appearance on the list of Hilbert problems, Smale's list, the list of Millennium Prize Problems, and even the Weil conjectures, in its geometric guise.
Pseudomathematics, or mathematical crankery, is a mathematics-like activity that does not adhere to the framework of rigor of formal mathematical practice. Common areas of pseudomathematics are solutions of problems proved to be unsolvable or recognized as extremely hard by experts, as well as attempts to apply mathematics to non-quantifiable ...
In mathematics, many open problems are concerned with the question of whether a certain definition is or is not consistent. Two notable examples in mathematics that have been solved and closed by researchers in the late twentieth century are Fermat's Last Theorem [1] and the four-color theorem. [2] [3] An important open mathematics problem ...
Surplus value is therefore the [Marxist] disguise of profit which must be removed before the real nature of profit can be discovered. [7] Samuelson not only dismissed the labour theory of value because of the transformation problem, but provided himself, in cooperation with economists like Carl Christian von Weizsäcker, solutions.