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Roman Military Equipment: Roman Shields; Lacus Curtius Online—University of Chicago; for online translations of Plutarch, Polybius, Cassius Dio and other antique authors "Roman Legion Shield Patterns" (group). Archived from the original on February 9, 2013. For the study and photographs of Roman legion and auxillia shield and painting patterns
A scutarius in ancient Rome was any of the various types of gladiator who used a large shield called a samnite shield, [1] which is named after another type of gladiator—a samnite. In Latin, the shield was called a scutum—where the name scutarius comes from. Due to having a large shield, scutarii would wear shin armour (ocrea) on their ...
The crupellarius carried a scutum and gladius; the shield was most likely either oval, rectangular or circular. These shields were usually made of wood in a laminate type structure and bound in leather strips, durable enough to deflect sword strikes and projectiles but also light enough to be held in tow with just one arm.
Certainly by the siege of Gamla in 67 CE, it was already in Roman use where a complete spaulder (shoulder guard) for a manica was found in the panoply of L. Magus. [9] This date coincides with the adoption of manica by Gladiators in the late 1st century CE proposed by Robinson, or the first half of the 1st century CE proposed by Bishop. [7] [10]
The parmula was the shield used by thraex gladiators. It was also used by the Roman vexilliferi or flag bearers that carried the standard that marked the cohort, as well as by most early auxiliaries. In the Pyrrhic dance it was raised above the head and struck with a sword so as to emit a loud ringing noise.
The other problem is that the Romans took or stole most of the designs from other peoples. Fragments of surviving clothing and wall paintings indicate that the basic tunic of the Roman soldier was of red or undyed (off-white) wool. [3] Senior commanders are known to have worn white cloaks and plumes.
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In the testudo formation, the men would align their shields to form a packed formation covered with shields on the front and top. [1] The first row of men, possibly excluding the men on the flanks, would hold their shields from about the height of their shins to their eyes, so as to cover the formation's front.