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Ashkharbek Kalantar, Materials on Armenian and Urartian History (with a contribution by Mirjo Salvini), Civilisations du Proche-Orient: Series 4 – Hors Série, Neuchâtel, Paris, 2004; ISBN 978-2-940032-14-3; Boris B. Piotrovsky, The Ancient Civilization of Urartu (translated from Russian by James Hogarth), New York:Cowles Book Company, 1969.
Modern reproductions of the ancient wall-paintings at Erebuni Fortress. Erebuni was founded by Urartian King Argishti I (r. c. 785 –753 BC) in 782 BC. [4] It was built on top of a hill called Arin Berd overlooking the Aras River Valley to serve as a military stronghold to protect the kingdom's northern borders. [5]
In 1896, the Russian Assyriologist M.V. Nikolsky conjectured that beneath the ruins of Armavir is an even more ancient Urartian township. [6] This was confirmed by later excavations. Owing to World War I and the Armenian genocide, systematic investigations at Armavir began only in 1927, under the leadership of Nicholas Marr.
Urartian cuneiform inscription at the Erebuni Museum (Yerevan). Urartian or Vannic [14] is an extinct Hurro-Urartian language which was spoken by the inhabitants of the ancient kingdom of Urartu (Biaini or Biainili in Urartian), (it was also called Nairi), which was centered on the region around Lake Van and had its capital, Tushpa, near the site of the modern town of Van in the Armenian ...
Attempt to reconstruct the fortress of Teishebaini. Architecture of Urartu was a method of constructing and creating spatial structures characteristic of Urartian culture, an Iron Age civilization in Anatolia, west Asia, encompassing the organization of space used by the inhabitants of Urartu, as well as the planning of cities, settlements, and individual buildings.
The Urartu–Assyria War was a conflict between the Kingdom of Urartu and the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The war began around 714 BC, with the invasion of Urartu by the Assyrian King Sargon II . [ 1 ] Sargon led multiple offensives deep into Urartian territory, amassing numerous victories in the war.
The "complex" or "great" world maps are the most famous mappae mundi. Although most employ a modified T-O scheme, they are considerably more detailed than their smaller T-O cousins. These maps show coastal details, mountains, rivers, cities, towns and provinces. Some include figures and stories from history, the Bible and classical mythology.
Lead figure with glass and ivory inlays, 8th-7th century BC. From Toprakkale, eastern Turkey, kingdom of Urartu. British Museum. Before Rusa's reign had begun, his father, King Sarduri II, had already expanded the kingdom to southeastern Anatolia, and had managed to retake various Anatolian territories from Assyria during a brief period of weakness in the Assyrian Empire.