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PPP is a layered protocol that has three components: [4] An encapsulation component that is used to transmit datagrams over the specified physical layer. A Link Control Protocol (LCP) to establish, configure, and test the link as well as negotiate settings, options and the use of features.
The Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) is a network protocol for encapsulating Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) frames inside Ethernet frames. It appeared in 1999, in the context of the boom of DSL as the solution for tunneling packets over the DSL connection to the ISP's IP network, and from there to the rest of the Internet.
PPTP uses a TCP control channel and a Generic Routing Encapsulation tunnel to encapsulate PPP packets. Many modern VPNs use various forms of UDP for this same functionality. The PPTP specification does not describe encryption or authentication features and relies on the Point-to-Point Protocol being tunneled to implement any and all security ...
It also supports the encapsulation types: VC-MUX and LLC - see RFC 2364. If it is used as the connection encapsulation method on an ATM based network it can reduce overhead significantly compared with PPPoEoA – by between 0 and ~3.125% for long packets, depending on the packet length and also on the choices of header options in PPPoEoA ...
PPP Point-to-Point Protocol; PPTP Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol; PAP Password Authentication Protocol; RPR IEEE 802.17 Resilient Packet Ring; SLIP Serial Line Internet Protocol (obsolete) StarLAN; Space Data Link Protocol, one of the norms for Space Data Link from the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems; STP Spanning Tree Protocol
Why is PPP over a POTS or ISDN modem not considered as tunneling? PPP over modem is an LLC protocol encapsulated in another. Okay, a modem behaves as if it were a circuit switched physical link (an asynchronous serial link), but modern modems include LLC sublayer, since they divide the data into blocks (some kind of packets) rather than codewords (there are no start and stop bits), and ...
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IP in IP is an IP tunneling protocol that encapsulates one IP packet in another IP packet. To encapsulate an IP packet in another IP packet, an outer header is added with Source IP, the entry point of the tunnel, and Destination IP, the exit point of the tunnel.