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The Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) is a diagnostic tool developed to allow physicians and nurses to identify delirium in the healthcare setting. [1] It was designed to be brief (less than 5 minutes to perform) and based on criteria from the third edition-revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R) .
Pomalidomide, sold under the brand names Pomalyst and Imnovid, [7] [8] is an anti-cancer medication used for the treatment of multiple myeloma and AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma. [ 7 ] Pomalidomide was approved for medical use in the United States in February 2013, [ 10 ] and in the European Union in August 2013. [ 8 ]
The thalidomide molecule is a synthetic derivative of glutamic acid and consists of a glutarimide ring and a phthaloyl ring (Figure 5). [15] [16] Its IUPAC name is 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)isoindole-1,3-dione and it has one chiral center [15] After thalidomide's selective inhibition of TNF-α had been reported, a renewed effort was put in thalidomide's clinical development.
A common symptom of PTA is confusion. The most prominent symptom of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) is a loss of memory of the present time. [10] As a result, patients are often unaware of their condition and may behave as if they are going about their regular lives.
Authors report resting metabolism in this area is associated with performance on short-term memory tasks. [14] While post-treatment studies suggest significant negative side effects of chemotherapy on cognition, other studies have indicated that there may be baseline vulnerability factors which could contribute to cognitive impairment development.
An early warning system (EWS), sometimes called a between-the-flags or track-and-trigger chart, is a clinical tool used in healthcare to anticipate patient deterioration by measuring the cumulative variation in observations, most often being patient vital signs and level of consciousness. [1]
It is used for measuring the length of PTA following a mild traumatic brain injury (that is, when PTA is less than 24 hours). The AWPTAS is administered according to specific guidelines. A patient is considered to be out of PTA the first time they attain optimal scores of 18 out of 18 (15 out of 15 on the GCS, 3 out of 3 on the picture cards.
The Glasgow Coma Scale [1] (GCS) is a clinical scale used to reliably measure a person's level of consciousness after a brain injury. The GCS assesses a person based on their ability to perform eye movements, speak, and move their body. These three behaviours make up the three elements of the scale: eye, verbal, and motor.