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Copeland's method falls in the class of Condorcet methods, as any candidate who wins every one-on-one election will clearly have the most victories overall. [1] Copeland's method has the advantage of being likely the simplest Condorcet method to explain and of being easy to administer by hand.
Copeland v Greenhalf [1952] Ch 488 is an English property law case establishing that excessive use of another's land cannot be granted by way of an easement. The defendant claimed that he held a prescriptive right to leave an unlimited number of cars on his neighbour's land, by way of such a right having existed for some fifty years previously.
The first is "benefit-detriment theory," in which a contract must be either to the benefit of the promisor or to the detriment of the promisee to constitute consideration (though detriment to the promisee is the essential and invariable test of the existence of a consideration rather than whether it can be constituted by benefit to the promisor ...
Case name Citation Date decided Malloy v. Hogan: 378 U.S. 1: 1964: United States v. Boyd: 378 U.S. 39: 1964: Murphy v. Waterfront Comm'n: 378 U.S. 52: 1964: Aguilar v.
Failure of consideration is a highly technical area of law. Particular areas of controversy include: Whether the failure of the consideration must be 'total', [3] and the scope and meaning of such a requirement; Whether 'consideration' refers not only to bargained-for counter-performance by the defendant, but also a legal or factual state of ...
For example, the voting method Smith//Minimax applies Minimax to the candidates in the Smith set. Another example is the Tideman alternative method, which alternates between eliminating candidates outside of the Smith set, and eliminating the candidate who was the plurality loser (similar to instant-runoff ), until a Condorcet winner is found.
For example, if you give your dog a treat for sitting, the sitting behavior should increase over time because it’s reinforced by the treat. Treats are a common reinforcer for dogs, but attention ...
Consideration must be an act, abstinence or forbearance or a returned promise. Consideration may be past, present or future. Past consideration is not consideration according to English law. However it is a consideration as per Indian law. Example of past consideration is, A renders some service to B at latter's desire.