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The theory of human nature by Aristotle includes the philosophy of both natural and social human endowment. [14] Social endowment flows from the natural capacities of people like their ability to think and make rational decisions. The gathering of communities and establishing of states are a result of rational decisions people make.
Stephen Arnold Douglas (né Douglass; April 23, 1813 – June 3, 1861) was an American politician and lawyer from Illinois.A U.S. Senator, he was one of two nominees of the badly split Democratic Party to run for president in the 1860 presidential election, which was won by Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln.
Aristotle—Plato's most famous student—made some of the most famous and influential statements about human nature. In his works, apart from using a similar scheme of a divided human soul, some clear statements about human nature are made: In contrast to other animals, humans have reason or language (logos) in their soul (psyche).
Sovereignty lies with the people, and the people should elect, correct, and, if necessary, depose its political leaders. [ 2 ] Popular sovereignty in its modern sense is an idea that dates to the social contract school represented by Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679), John Locke (1632–1704), and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778).
This later led to the French Revolution of 1789 and the concept of Human Rights (Droits de l'Homme in French). Filippo Mazzei, an Italian physician, philosopher, diplomat, and author, whose phrase "All men are by nature equally free and independent" was incorporated into the United States Declaration of Independence [9] [10] [11]
The Mismeasure of Man is a 1981 book by paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould.The book is both a history and critique of the statistical methods and cultural motivations underlying biological determinism, the belief that "the social and economic differences between human groups—primarily races, classes, and sexes—arise from inherited, inborn distinctions and that society, in this sense, is an ...
the noble savage (people are born good and corrupted by society)—romanticism; the ghost in the machine (each of us has a soul that makes choices free from biology)—dualism [1] Much of the book is dedicated to examining fears of the social and political consequences of his view of human nature: "the fear of inequality" "the fear of ...
Hobbes also developed some of the fundamentals of European liberal thought: the right of the individual, the natural equality of all men, the artificial character of the political order (which led to the later distinction between civil society and the state), the view that all legitimate political power must be "representative" and based on the ...