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A recurrence relation is an equation that expresses each element of a sequence as a function of the preceding ones. More precisely, in the case where only the immediately preceding element is involved, a recurrence relation has the form. where. is a function, where X is a set to which the elements of a sequence must belong.
The ordinary generating function of a sequence can be expressed as a rational function (the ratio of two finite-degree polynomials) if and only if the sequence is a linear recursive sequence with constant coefficients; this generalizes the examples above. Conversely, every sequence generated by a fraction of polynomials satisfies a linear ...
Lucas sequence. In mathematics, the Lucas sequences and are certain constant-recursive integer sequences that satisfy the recurrence relation. where and are fixed integers. Any sequence satisfying this recurrence relation can be represented as a linear combination of the Lucas sequences and. More generally, Lucas sequences and represent ...
Fibonacci sequence. In mathematics, the Fibonacci sequence is a sequence in which each number is the sum of the two preceding ones. Numbers that are part of the Fibonacci sequence are known as Fibonacci numbers, commonly denoted Fn . The sequence commonly starts from 0 and 1, although some authors start the sequence from 1 and 1 or sometimes ...
Generalizations. The Catalan numbers can be interpreted as a special case of the Bertrand's ballot theorem. Specifically, is the number of ways for a candidate A with n + 1 votes to lead candidate B with n votes. The two-parameter sequence of non-negative integers is a generalization of the Catalan numbers.
Definitions. Stirling numbers of the first kind are the coefficients in the expansion of the falling factorial. into powers of the variable : For example, , leading to the values , , and . Subsequently, it was discovered that the absolute values of these numbers are equal to the number of permutations of certain kinds.
Triangular numbers are a type of figurate number, other examples being square numbers and cube numbers. The n th triangular number is the number of dots in the triangular arrangement with n dots on each side, and is equal to the sum of the n natural numbers from 1 to n. The sequence of triangular numbers, starting with the 0th triangular number ...
Course-of-values recursion. In computability theory, course-of-values recursion is a technique for defining number-theoretic functions by recursion. In a definition of a function f by course-of-values recursion, the value of f ( n) is computed from the sequence . The fact that such definitions can be converted into definitions using a simpler ...